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Neurobiology > Unit 3 Final Exam > Flashcards

Unit 3 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Retinofugal projections are axons that leave the

A

retina of the eye

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2
Q

What is the main target of retinofugal projections

A

LGN of thalamus

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2
Q

The right visual fields fall on the temporal hemiretina of the _____ eye and the nasal hemiretina of the ____ eye

A

left; right

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3
Q

The left visual fields falls on the temporal hemiretina of the _____ eye and the nasal hemiretina of the _____ eye

A

right; left

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4
Q

Retina to LGN: function

A

conscious vision, movement, and object recognition

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5
Q

LGN: layers 3-6

A

color and detail

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6
Q

LGN: layers 1 and 2

A

patterns and motion

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7
Q

layers 1,4,6

A

contralateral inputs

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8
Q

Layers 2,3,5

A

ipsilateral inputs

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9
Q

Right LGN = _____ side of the world

A

left

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10
Q

Is there binocular vision in LGN

A

no

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11
Q

Pretectum

A

pupillary light reflex

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12
Q

Superior colliculus

A

gaze shifting/eye movements

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13
Q

SCN

A

circadian rythmn

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14
Q

Pretectum neurons synapse bilaterally onto

A

Edinger Westphal nucleus (lll)

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15
Q

E-W lll nuclei send upper motor neurons to the _________ outside the eye as part of CN lll

A

ciliary ganglion

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16
Q

Ciliary ganglion lower motor neurons will tell our eye to

A

constrict pupil via muscles

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17
Q

Conjugate eye movement

A

activating opposite muscles of L and R eyes to move towards same point in space

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18
Q

Vergence movement

A

move the central axis of each eye towards (convergence) or away (divergence)

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19
Q

Is light required to keep the circadian clock

A

yes

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20
Q

What visual functions only need to detect the presence of light and not the use of rods and cones

A

pupillary light
circadian rhythms

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21
Q

What type of ganglion cells are used with SCN

A

photo-sensitive retinal cells

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22
Q

How are intrinsically photo-sensitive RGCs distributed

A

evenly over the retina

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23
Q

_______: Rapid small conjugate movements that change the point of fixation

A

Saccades

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24
Q

_______: slow conjugate movements to follow a target

A

smooth pursuits

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25
Q

_______: eye movements that compensate for head rotation

A

VOR

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26
Q

_______: slow, dis conjugate eye movments to change the focal distance

A

Vergence

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27
Q

_______: small, involuntary movements necessary for vision

A

fill in blindspot–mini eye movements

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28
Q

What 3 things need to happen for the accommodation of the eye

A

convergence
constriction
contraction or constriction of ciliary muscles and lens

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29
Q

Accommodation of the eye, same circuitry as the pupillary light reflex BUT requires what

A

cortical feedback

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30
Q

_____: automatically produces slow eye movement in the direction opposite to the head movement

A

VOR

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31
Q

What does VOR rely on

A

semicircular canals

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32
Q

Nystagmus

A

Combination of slow movements and quick saccades

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33
Q

Nystagmus has an auto reflex to keep the image focused in place on the retina due to

A

direction-selective retinal ganglion cells

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34
Q

e.g. optikinetic nystagmus

A

looking out the window in a moving car or train without moving the head

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35
Q

e.g. vestibular nystagmus

A

spinning in circle and quickly stopping

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36
Q

VOR circuit is used to stabilize

A

vision quickly to keep image sharp

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37
Q

VOR uses what nuclei

A

oculumotor and abducens

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38
Q

VOR: what will help increase rxn time

A

direct projection from vestibular nucleus to nucleus lll

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39
Q

VOR: semicircular canals report on angular velocity, but eyes are small and located further away from the center of head than the canals

we use gain:

A

change in eye angle/change in angle during head turn

40
Q

PPRF does

A

saccade generator
provide input to abduces
horizontal gaze correction

41
Q

What does blindsight occur

A

in the absence of V1

42
Q

Deep layers of SC maintain what

A

auditory map of space through the auditory cortex and inferior colliculi

43
Q

Others rely on stereopsis and integration of visual and auditory input in a more critical way than humans T/F

A

T

44
Q

Do owls have large binocular visual zone

A

Yes

45
Q

Are owls able to perceive 3D movement

A

yes

46
Q

Barn owl vision: fairly low visual acuity –> must integrate

A

auditory input as well

47
Q

Barn owl audition: asymmetrical ear opening

A

right ear up; left ear down

48
Q

Barn owl audition: Azimuth

A

horizontal

49
Q

Barn owl audition: elevation

A

vertical

50
Q

Barn owl audition: ITD

A

horizontal

51
Q

Barn owl audition: ITD uses

A

superior olives

52
Q

Barn owl audition: ILD

A

vertically

53
Q

Barn owl audition: ILD left plug

A

the owl looked too high

54
Q

Barn owl audition: ILD right plug

A

owl looking too low

55
Q

Visual and auditory integration in barn owls: what happens when earplugs are worn? what if earplugs and blinds are worn?

A

Earplugs only–barn owls would adapt within a few weeks

Earplugs and blinders–they would not improve because both visual and auditory input is needed

56
Q

Barn owl: auditory responses immediately after removing prisms show errors in _______ direction from prism shift

A

opposite

57
Q

Where is the initial processing in vision done by

A

done by non photoreceptor cells in the retina

58
Q

Cochlea just has hair cells, so initial processing and localization don’t by bilateral _____ _____ (superior olive and inferior colliculus) to form a map of auditory space

A

brainstem nuclei

59
Q

________ nerve reports on touch to the eye

A

trigeminal

60
Q

auto reflex to trigger ________ nerve to blink

A

facial

61
Q

Regulation of muscle tone, coordination of skilled voluntary movement

A

Spinocerebellum

62
Q

Aids learning of skilled movement; allows them to become more rapid with precise with learning

A

cerebrocerebellum

63
Q

Maintenance of balance, control of eye movements

A

Vestibulocerebellum

64
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncles: _______ to the cortex

A

output

65
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncles: Input from cortex via pons using

A

pontine nuclei

66
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncles: input from

A

body and inferior olives (some output to vestibular nuclei)

67
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle: almost all fibers are efferent from the cerebellum to ______ cortex

A

Contralateral

68
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncles: exit cerebellum via deep cerebellar nuclei to ______ thalamus

A

contralateral

69
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncle provides important feedback for lateral motor systems via the motor cortex ( ____) and red nucleus (_____)

A

corticospinal
rubrospinal

70
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle: projections from deep cerebellar nuclei (dentate, interpositions and fastigial) to ________ red nucleus and VA/VL thalamus

A

contralateral

71
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncles: deep nuclei receive GABAergic ______ inputs from purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex

A

inhibitory

72
Q

Where is middle cerebellar peduncles found

A

pons

73
Q

Pontine nuclei look like

A

grey matter of well-marbled steak

74
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncles is input from ______ motor cortex via relays in pontine nuclei

A

contralateral

75
Q

____ cells: sole source of output from cerebellar cortex to deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Purkinje cells

76
Q

Purkinje cells are GABAergic so

A

inhibitory

77
Q

Granule cells receive input via

A

mossy fibers from pontine nuclei

78
Q

Granule cell axons rise into the molecular layer and become

A

parallel fibers

79
Q

Climbing fibers originate from contralateral

A

inferior olives

80
Q

Climbing fibers wrap around

A

Purkinje cells

81
Q

A single climbing fiber contacts up to 10 P Cells but each P cell…

A

has only a single climbing fiber input

82
Q

Activation of P cells results in a strong

A

depolarization

83
Q

Baskey cells, Golgi cells, and stellate cells act like _____ interneurons providing _______ input to Purkinje

A

inhibitory

84
Q

Climbing and mossy/parallel fibers are all

A

excitatory

85
Q

Cerebrocerebellum is for _____ movement

A

planning

86
Q

_________ movements that are uncoordinated or inaccurate due to any damage to motor areas

A

ataxia

87
Q

_____ decomposition of complex multijoint movements into parts (robotic-like)

A

dyssynergia

88
Q

_______ poor control of speed and distance for coordinated movements

A

dysmetria

89
Q

Damage to the cerebellum produces deficits on

A

same side of the body

90
Q

Lab: cerebellum lesions prevent what

A

Inferior olive and pons lesions as well as cerebellum lesions prevent learning

91
Q

Lab: does damage to VA/VL thalamus produce ataxia but not impair adaptation

A

yes

92
Q

Cerebellar motor learning of this is specific…

A

to the body part trained and the type of movement

93
Q

Information from the intermediate zone next to vermis goes to what

A

interpositus nucleus

94
Q

Information from the Vermis goes to what

A

fastigial nucleus

95
Q

interpositus nucleus to what path

A

rubrospinal

96
Q

fastigial nucleus to what path

A

reticulospinal

97
Q
A

Neurobiology (11 decks)

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