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Bio > Unit 3 Key Words > Flashcards

Unit 3 Key Words Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific cycle

A

A guide to carrying out an investigation: observation; hypothesis; experimental design; gathering and recording of data; evaluation of results; conclusion; revise hypothesis.

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2
Q

peer reviewed article

A

specialists with expertise in the relevant field of the study asses the quality of the article

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3
Q

The 3 Rs

A

to ensure animal suffering is kept to a minimum: replacement, reduction, refinement

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4
Q

ethics

A

ideas and beliefs about what type of behaviour is morally right and wrong

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5
Q

hypothesis

A

a prediction of the outcome of the investigation

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6
Q

null hypothesis

A

a statement which proposes that there will be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment treatment

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7
Q

informed consent

A

the participant is fully aware of the treatment they will be subjected to and is happy to participate

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8
Q

right to withdraw

A

the participant has the ability to remove themselves from a trial at any time during the study

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9
Q

confidentiality

A

any data collected does not identify the subject and they can remain anonymous, also data is not shared without their consent

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10
Q

pilot study

A

a small scale preliminary study which aims to investigate whether crucial components of a main study will be feasible

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11
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that is changed in a specific experiment

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12
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that is measured in a scientific experiment

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13
Q

confounding variable

A

variables other than the independent variable and dependent variables that may effect the results of an investigation and therefore need to be considered during the investigation

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14
Q

randomised block design

A

a form of stratified sampling

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15
Q

discrete variable

A

can have a set range of values for example colour, absence/presence

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16
Q

continuous variable

A

can have infinitely many uncountable values, for example length, concentration, wavelength

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17
Q

qualitative data

A

data which is subjective and descriptive

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18
Q

quantitative data

A

data which can be measured objectively, usually with a numerical value

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19
Q

ranked data

A

data transformation in which numerical values are replaced by their rank when data is sorted from highest to lowest

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20
Q

simple study design

A

experimental designed with one independent variable

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21
Q

multifactorial study design

A

experimental designed with more than one independent variable

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22
Q

positive correlation

A

exists when an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in another one

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23
Q

negative correlation

A

exists when an increase an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in another one

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24
Q

causation

A

exists if the independent variable is known to change the values of the dependent variable

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25
Q

in vitro

A

preforming in a controlled environment outside of a living organism

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26
Q

in vivo

A

experimentation using a whole living organism

27
Q

mean

A

the average value of data (total/no. of values)

28
Q

median

A

the middle value of data

29
Q

mode

A

the most common value of the data

30
Q

range

A

a measure of the extent of variation in the results

31
Q

box plot

A

used to show variation about the mean in one data set or between different data sets. It displays the 5 number summary of a data set : min, max, Q1, Q3, median

32
Q

interquartile range

A

the difference between Q1 and Q3

33
Q

field study

A

a study that takes place out of a lab

34
Q

observational study

A

using groups that already exist so the independent variable isn’t directly controlled by the investigator for logical or ethical reasons

35
Q

positive control

A

a treatment that is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs

36
Q

negative control

A

provides the results in the absence of treatment

37
Q

placebo

A

a type of negative control which looks exactly like the actual drug

38
Q

placebo effect

A

a measurable change in the independent variable as a result of a patient’s expectations rather than changes in the independent variable, in other words to check if it is phycological

39
Q

double blind study

A

neither the researcher nor the trial participant will know which group they are until the end of the study

40
Q

sampling

A

what experiment is conducted on

41
Q

true mean

A

refers to the population mean

42
Q

representative sample

A

where it is impractical to measure every individual a representative sample is taken

43
Q

selection bias

A

selection of a sample in a non-random way so that the sample is not representative of the whole population sampling bias affects validity and reliability

44
Q

random sampling

A

members of population have a equal chance of being selected. Usually used when population is larger or uniform

45
Q

systematic sampling

A

members of population are selected at regular intervals e.g. every 3rd person is sampled

46
Q

stratified sampling

A

population is divided into categories that are then sampled proportionally

47
Q

reliability

A

constant values are achieved in repeats and independent replicates

48
Q

accuracy

A

data or means of data sets are close

49
Q

precision

A

measured values are close together

50
Q

validity

A

variables controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independent variable to the true value

51
Q

statistically significant

A

difference is unlikely to be due to the chance alone

51
Q

standard deviation

A

a way of telling how much each measurement of a data set differs from the mean of the data set

52
Q

error bar

A

graphical representations of the variability of data and used on graphs to indicate the error of uncertainty in a reported measure

53
Q

outlier

A

a data point that is far from other data points

54
Q

anomalous result

A

a result that doesn’t fit in with the pattern of the other results

55
Q

replicate

A

repeating of measurements of individual data points to indicate how consistent they are

56
Q

independent replicate

A

a replication of the whole experiment but using freshly prepared materials and on a different day

57
Q

legislation

A

laws governing various aspects of science. It limits the potential for misuse of studies and data

58
Q

abstract

A

outlines main findings and aim of project

59
Q

citation/ reference

A

crediting writers of usedsorces in projects

60
Q

replacement

A

replacing the animal with an alternative such as tissue cultures or a less sensitive species

61
Q

reduction

A

using the minimum number of animals in order to obtain robust results

62
Q

refinement

A

using methods that minimise potential pain suffering or distress on the animals

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