Unit 3 List 1 DNA & Heredity

Question 1

adenine

Answer 1

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA

Question 2

amino acid

Answer 2

molecules that combine to form proteins

Question 3

anticodon

Answer 3

a sequence of three nucleotides found in transfer RNA (tRNA), which recognizes and binds to a specific codon on messenger RNA (mRNA) during the process of protein synthesis

Question 4

cell types

Answer 4

the basic functional units of an organism.

Question 5

cell differentiation

Answer 5

process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one.

Question 6

chromosome

Answer 6

package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism

Question 7

codon

Answer 7

a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

Question 8

cytoplasm

Answer 8

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell.

Question 9

deoxyribose

Answer 9

a sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen.

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes.

Question 11

double helix

Answer 11

a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis

Question 12

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane

Question 13

enzyme

Answer 13

a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Question 14

gene

Answer 14

a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

Question 15

Golgi apparatus

Answer 15

a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.

Question 16

guanine

Answer 16

a compound that occurs in guano and fish scales, and is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 17

hydrogen bond

Answer 17

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other

Question 18

mRNA

Answer 18

single-stranded RNA involved in protein synthesis.

Question 19

mutation

Answer 19

the action or process of mutating

Question 20

nitrogenous base

Answer 20

nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides

Question 21

nuclear membrane

Answer 21

two lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus

Question 22

nucleic acid

Answer 22

a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

Question 23

nucleotide

Answer 23

a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group.

Question 24

nucleus

Answer 24

the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes.

Question 25

peptide bond

Answer 25

amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid

Question 26

phosphate group

Answer 26

A functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

Question 27

polypeptides

Answer 27

A substance that contains many amino acids

Question 28

protein synthesis

Answer 28

core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins through the production of new proteins

Question 29

ribose

Answer 29

a sugar of the pentose class which occurs widely in nature as a constituent of nucleosides and several vitamins and enzymes.

Question 30

ribosome

Answer 30

a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells.

Question 31

RNA

Answer 31

a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself

Question 32

rRNA

Answer 32

type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells

Question 33

start codon

Answer 33

first codon of a messenger

Question 34

stop codon

Answer 34

a stop codon is a codon that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein

Question 35

thymine

Answer 35

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids.

Question 36

transcription

Answer 36

the action or process of transcribing something.

Question 37

translation

Answer 37

the process of translating words or text from one language into another.

Question 38

tRNA

Answer 38

is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length.

Question 39

uracil

Answer 39

a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of RNA.

Question 40

vesicle

Answer 40

an air-filled swelling in a plant, especially a seaweed.