Unit 3: Models to explain learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience.

Question 2

Conditioning

Answer 2

The process of learning associations between a stimulus in the environments (one event) and a behavioural response (another event).

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

Refers to a type of learning that occurs through the repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli.

Question 4

UCS

Answer 4

Any stimulus that consistently produces a particular, naturally occurring, automatic response.

Question 5

UCR

Answer 5

The involuntary response that occurs automatically when the UCS is presented.

Question 6

NS

Answer 6

Any stimulus that does not normally produce a particular response.

Question 7

CS

Answer 7

The stimulus that is neutral to begin with, but eventually triggers a similar response to that of the UCS.

Question 8

CR

Answer 8

The learned response that is produced by the CS.

Question 9

Stimulus generalisation (CC)

Answer 9

The tendency for another stimulus that is similar to the CS to produce a response that is similar, but not necessarily identical, to the CR.

Question 10

Stimulus discrimination (CC)

Answer 10

Occurs when a person/animal responds to the CS only, but not to any other stimulus that is similar to the CS.

Question 11

Extinction (CC)

Answer 11

The gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a CR that occurs when the UCS is no longer presented.

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

The reappearance of a CR when the CS is presented, following a rest period after the CR appears to have been extinguished.

Question 13

Conditioned emotional response

Answer 13

An emotional reaction such as fear or anger in response to a specific stimulus learnt through classical conditioning.

Question 14

Who was responsible for the Little Albert experiment?

Answer 14

John. B Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Question 15

Ethic principles that may have been breached in Little Albert?

Answer 15

Informed consent, psychological harm

Question 16

Operant conditoning

Answer 16

A type of learning whereby the consequences of behaviour determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future.

Question 17

Operant

Answer 17

Any response on the environment that acts on the environment to produce some consequence.

Question 18

Antecedent (OC)

Answer 18

A stimulus that occurs before the behaviour

Question 19

Behaviour (OC)

Answer 19

Occurs due to the antecedent

Question 20

Consequence (OC)

Answer 20

The consequence to the behaviour

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

Occurs when a stimulus strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows.

Question 22

Reinforcer

Answer 22

Any stimulus that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of response that it follows.

Question 23

Positive reinforcer

Answer 23

A stimulus that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a desired response by providing a satisfying consequence.

Question 24

Positive reinforcement

Answer 24

Involves giving or applying a positive reinforcer after the desired response has been made.

Question 25

Negative reinforcer

Answer 25

Any unpleasant stimulus that, when is removed or avoided, strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a desired response.

Question 26

Negative response

Answer 26

Involves the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

Question 27

Punishment

Answer 27

The delivery of an unpleasant consequence following a response, or the removal of a pleasant consequence following a response.

Question 28

Positive punishment

Answer 28

Involves the presentation of a stimulus, thereby decreasing or weakening the likelihood of a response occurring again.

Question 29

Response cost (negative punishment)

Answer 29

Involving the removal of any valued stimulus, whether or not it causes the behaviour.

Question 30

Stimulus generalisation (OC)

Answer 30

Occurs when the correct response is made to another stimulus that is similar to the sitmulus that was present when the conditioned response was reinforced.

Question 31

Stimulus discrimination (OC)

Answer 31

Occurs when the organism makes the correct response to a stimulus and is reinforced, but does not respond to any other stimulus, even when stimuli are similar.

Question 32

Extinction (OC)

Answer 32

The gradual decrease in the strength/rate of a conditioned response following consistent non-reinforcement of the response.

Question 33

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 33

After the apparent extinction of a conditioned response, the organism may once again show the response in the absence of any reinforcement.

Question 34

Observational learning

Answer 34

Occurs when someone uses observation of a model's actions and the consequences of those actions to guide their future actions.

Question 35

Social learning

Answer 35

Emphasises the importance of the environment, or 'social context' in which learning occurs

Question 36

Vicarious conditioning

Answer 36

The watching of behaviour being either reinforced or punished, and then behaving in exactly the same way or in a modified way or refraining from the behaviour, as a result of what they have observed.

Question 37

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 37

The increase of the likelihood of the observer behaving in a similar way to a model whose behaviour is reinforced.

Question 38

Vicarious punishment

Answer 38

Occurs when the likelihood of an observer performing a particular behaviour decreases after having seen a model's behaviour being punished.

Question 39

ARRMR

Answer 39

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation and reinforcement

Question 40

Attention

Answer 40

Attending to or closely watching a model's behaviour and the consequences.

Question 41

Retention

Answer 41

The storing of a mental representation of what has been observed, with the more meaningful we make the representation, the more accurately we are able to replicate the behaviour.

Question 42

Reproduction

Answer 42

The attempting to reproduce or imitate what as been observed through the ability to put into practice what we have observed.

Question 43

Motivation

Answer 43

Observer must have the desire to want to reproduce what has been observed.

Question 44

Reinforcement (ARRMR)

Answer 44

Reinforcement influences the observer's motivation to perform the observed behaviour.