Unit 3 Module 4.1

Question 1

rules for organic chemistry

Answer 1

find the longest continuous chain
name the chain coming off
count which carbon this from- lowest
does the same chain come off more than once
chains named alphabetically
any functional groups go at the end of the name

Question 2

what does aliphatic mean

Answer 2

carbon chains

Question 3

what does alicyclic mean

Answer 3

carbon atoms in a ring structure

Question 4

what does aromatic mean

Answer 4

involves benzene rings

Question 5

what does homologous series mean

Answer 5

a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

Question 6

what is molecular formula

Answer 6

counts the numbers of each sort of atoms present

C4H10

Question 7

what is displayed formula

Answer 7

shows all the bonds in the molecule

Question 8

what is structural formula

Answer 8

allows you to work out the structure

CH3CH2CH3

Question 9

what is a structural isomer

Answer 9

molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 10

what is position isomerism

Answer 10

basic carbon skeleton is unchanged but important groups are moved around the skeleton

Question 11

how do bonds form in alkanes

Answer 11

the overlap of orbitals gives sigma bonds- these bonds can freely rotate

Question 12

algebraic formula for balancing complete combustion equations

Answer 12

CxHy + (x+y/4)O2 +y/2 H2O

Question 13

what is a radical

Answer 13

a species with an unpaired electron

Question 14

what is the initiation reaction

Answer 14

chain initiated, by UV light breaking a chlorine molecule into free radicals (homolytic fission)

Question 15

what is the substitution reaction

Answer 15

hydrogen atoms are replaced b cl or br atoms

Question 16

what are propagation reactions

Answer 16

keep the chain going

Question 17

what are termination reactions

Answer 17

remove free radicals from the system

Question 18

what do double bonds do to a molecule

Answer 18

puts a kink in the chain, so the molecules cant pack together so tightly- weaker intermolecular forces

Question 19

how does a double bond form

Answer 19

sigma and pi bond- pi bond formed from the overlap of p orbitals and stops rotation

Question 20

define isomerism

Answer 20

molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural formula

Question 21

define position isomerism

Answer 21

basic carbon skeleton remains unchanged but important groups move around the skeleton

Question 22

define stereoisomerism

Answer 22

same structural formula but a different arrangement in space

Question 23

two types of stereoisomerism

Answer 23

cis and trans

E and Z

Question 24

what must be there for E Z isomerism

Answer 24

C=C

different groups attached to each C in the double bond

Question 25

what is the difference between E and Z isomerism

Answer 25

Z- they’re on the same side

E- they’re on opposite sides

Question 26

what must there be for cis and trans isomerism

Answer 26

C=C

each C must be attached to 2 different groups but one of these groups on each C must be a H

Question 27

what is the difference between cis and trans

Answer 27

cis- on the same side

trans- on different sides

Question 28

what is the Cahn-ingold-Prelog priority rule

Answer 28

higher atomic number gives atom priority

Question 29

what happens with addition reactions with hydrogen

Answer 29

hydrogenation

Question 30

what reactions do alkanes undergo

Answer 30

combustion

substitution

Question 31

what reactions do alkenes undergo

Answer 31

combustion

addition

Question 32

why are alkenes attacked by electrophiles

Answer 32

high electron density of double bond means alkenes are attacked by electrophiles

Question 33

what is an electrophile

Answer 33

electron pair acceptors

Question 34

what is a carbocation

Answer 34

positive carbon formed in addition mechanism

Question 35

bond fission in electrophilic addition

Answer 35

heterolytic

Question 36

what is markovnikoffs rule

Answer 36

hydrogen atoms will attach itself to the carbon atom of the alkene with greater number of H atoms and fewer number of C atoms

Question 37

which is more energetically stable secondary or primary carbocation

Answer 37

secondary- less activation energy is needed

Question 38

what is polymerisation

Answer 38

when an alkene undergoes addition reactions with itself to form a polymer
conditions- high temp, high pressure

Question 39

what decides the properties of a polymer

Answer 39

chain length
side groups
branching

Question 40

uses of polymers

Answer 40

windows, electrical insulation, cups, plastic bags

Question 41

ways of processing waste polymers

Answer 41

combustion for energy production
organic feedstock
removal of toxic waste products
biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

Question 42

what is heterolytic fission

Answer 42

breaking of a covalent bond, where one atom gets both of the shared electrons

Question 43

what is homolytic fission

Answer 43

when a covalent bond breaks, each atoms gets one of the shared electrons- creating free radicals

Question 44

what does a curly double headed arrow represent

Answer 44

the movement of a pair of electrons

Question 45

+ve and -ve of combustion for energy production

Answer 45

removes polymers, heat energy produces, saves fossil fuels

CO2 produced, toxic gases

Question 46

+ve of organic feedstock

Answer 46

breaks down polymers without separating them, reduces amount of crude oil used

Question 47

+ve and -ve of removal of toxic waste products

Answer 47

removes polymer, neutralises toxic products, generates power, saves fossil fuels
expensive

Question 48

+ve and -ve of biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

Answer 48

biodegradable, less fossil fuels used

long time, small fragments eaten by animals