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unit 3 outcome 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a skill

A

A skill is a voluntary goal-directed activity which requires the movement of limbs or the entire body to achieve a specific objective.

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2
Q

what is a motor skill

A

Motor skills are activities or tastes that require voluntary head, body and/or limb movement to achieve a goal.

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3
Q

classifying skills 3

A
  • movement precision
  • type of movement
  • predicatibility of environment
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4
Q

movement precision - 2 types with examples

A

gross skill
Actions that recruit large muscle groups to exert a great amount of force in a smooth and coordinated motion.

fine skill
Actions that recruit small muscle groups to exert small amounts of force in a precise and delicate manner.

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5
Q

3 types of movement with examples

A
  • Discrete motor skills have an obvious beginning and end such as kicking a ball or a pass in netball.
  • Serial motor skills Discrete motor skills are performed in a sequence such as gymnastics
  • Continuous motor skills have no definite beginning/end like walking or running. Repetitive
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6
Q

predictability of the environment - 2

A
  • Closed skills have lots of control over the environment
    Closed environments: basketball stadium or classrooms
    Internally/self paced.
  • Open skills are where the environment is unpredictable and external factor cannot be controlled
    Open environments: football oval or cricket pitch
    Variable and unpredictable environment. Externally paced. Movement is adapted to the environment.
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7
Q

What is a Fundamental Motor Skill (FMS) 3 examples

A

Basic skills children learn to form a foundation for sport specific skills later in development.
Throwing
Catching
Kicking

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8
Q

3 stages of learning

A
  • Cognitive Stage (Beginner/Thinking)
    Learning stages, characteristics include, making errors and inability to isolate problems themselves.
    Inability to throw a ball
  • Associative Stage (Intermediate/Practice)
    Refining techniques or practising. Characteristics include minor eros, making minor adjustments and modifying movement patterns.
    Point and throw for better direction
  • Autonomous Stage (Advanced/Elite)
    Focus is on strategy and tactics. Characteristics include, being skillful, predicting good and bad or minimising energy expenditure
    Developed motor control and ability to throw the ball one handed, with correct distance.
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9
Q

methods of practice - 6

A
  • Whole practice
  • Part practice
  • Distributed practice
  • Massed practice
  • Blocked practice
  • Random practice
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10
Q

whole practice and part practice

A

Motor skills broken into segments which can be effective for teaching beginners in the cognitive stage. You can either choose to practise the skill (tennis serve) as a whole, or practise a particular part (ball toss)
Good for a complex skill.
When deciding with practice ot school, the complexity of the task and organisation of the task should be considered.

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11
Q

distributed practice

A

Distributed means how many training sessions you can have and usually is related to having rest in between sessions or blocks.

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12
Q

massed practice

A

Masses are generally longer training sessions which have less rest periods and are used for semi-professional teams who can not complete as many sessions. These sessions usually gain higher amounts of physiological and psychological fatigue.

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13
Q

blocked practice

A

Working on the same skill continuously before moving onto the next skill.
Great for beginners as they can keep a stable environment.

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14
Q

random practice

A

Completing different skills in random environments and usually in changing environments which is great for advanced learners. Overtime, it leads to improved learning.

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15
Q

what is diminshing return?

A

The principle of diminishing return suggests that the rate of fitness improvement diminishes over time as fitness approaches its ultimate genetic potential

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16
Q

2 types of feedback

A
  • intrinsic
  • augmented
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17
Q

4 intrinsic feedback

A

Visual
Eyes seeing what is happening.
Auditory
Ears hearing what is happening.
Proprioception
Feedback via tendons about joint position/movement.
Touch
Feedback from sensory neurons from the skin.

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18
Q

4 augmented feedback

A

Augmented (External)
Concurrent
Getting feedback as the performance is happening.
Terminal
Getting feedback at the end of performance.
Knowledge of results
Performer knows what the outcome is.
Knowledge of performance
Performer understand characteristics of performance rather than the outcome.

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19
Q

equiptment for feedback

A
  • stop watches
  • gps
  • smart phone
  • drone
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20
Q

frequency of feedback for each learning stage

A

Cognitive: are not able to correct errors and require augmented feedback regularly however cannot process one piece of information at a time.
Associative and Autonomous: Learners should be able to detect errors and correct them and will require less frequent feedback however coaching feedback still remains important for minor corrections.

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21
Q

what is a sport specific skill

A

Sport specific skills refer to patterns of movement that duplicate the actions of particular skills used in sport .

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22
Q

link between motor sill development and particpation

A

Link between motor skill development and participation
People who have not completely developed FMS are less likely to play sports that require those skills.
Locomotor (running and jumping)
Object control (catching and throwing)
Stability skills (balance and twisting)

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23
Q

4 stages of qualitative movement analysis

A
  • preparation
  • observation
  • evaluation
  • error correction
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24
Q

preparation

A

What is the purpose of the analysis?
Coaches come up with an observation strategy based on their knowledge of what the game and performances look like.
Multimedia technology for further analysis can be used and specific software can be used to track single players AFL players.

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25
observation
Can be done live or recorded. Factors affecting a person's ability to observe: Experience Game knowledge
26
evaluation 2 types
The judgement of the quality or value of something. Inter rater reliability: Observers come to an agreement about how they are scoring or rating the event. Intra Rater Reliability The consistency of ratings given by one assessor. To test this, you can get a judge to watch the same performance multiple times to see if they get the same results.
27
error correction
Based on the data observed trying to correct the problem. Once weakness is identified the coach will apply either direct or constraints based on coaching or instructional based coaching
28
types of coaching 2
- direct - constraints
29
what is direct coaching
Coach provides direct feedback after each performance attempt. This takes away the performers ability to problem solve and think independently. Decisions are never made for themselves.
30
what is constraints coaching
Boundaries that shape a learners self organising movement patterns, cognitions and decision making process. Influences the way that people process information, make decisions and move. Independent learning
31
3 types of constraints
Individual Physical, psychological and behavioural characteristics of the individual that influence movement. Modifying something based on the person (fitness level, height, weight) Environmental Characteristics of the physical and social environment that influence movement. Noise level, weather, type of area, lighting. Task Characteristics of the task that influence movement. Size of area, amount of participants, equipment.
32
skill improvement in the 3 stages of learning 2 for each
Autonomous - Practise using game-like situations to focus on tactics, shot selection - Psychological skills training to help the player cope under pressure Associative - Regular feedback to refine skills and reduce chance of poor habits developing - Opportunities to practise with increased variability Cognitive - No more than two simple instructions at a time to focus on. - Focus on FMS
33
socio cultural influence define 2 types with 3 examples
Coaching needs to take into account all of those social and cultural - social family time access to coaching - cultural education politics climate
34
what are biomechanics
The use of biomechanical principles in coaching context to improve movement skills in sport and physical activity.
35
force how is it measures what is the formula
- a push or a pull which - alters a state of motion, moves object or changes shape Force is measured newton (N), which is the amount of force required to accelerate 1kg of mass at 1 m/s2 Calculation force - Force (N) = Mass x Acceleration
36
what are 4 internal forces
Isometric (force without motion) Muscle length does not change. (Wall sit) Isotonic (force with motion) Enough force to change state of motion. (Bench Press) Sub-Maximal Force applied at below maximum to archive measures and calculated performance. Maximal Recruit all muscle fibres to produce biggest force possible (drop shot)
37
3 types of external force
- Gravity Constant force that brings objects back to earth at 9.8m per second squares. - Friction Occurs when two surfaces come in contact with each other. To move objects across a surface, friction must be overcome by applying an increasingly great force. - Air and Water Resistance When an object of the body moves through air or water, it will experience drag force. Drag forces oppose the direction of motion of the object slowing it down. Drag force is affected by air density, cross sectional area of the body and speed of the object travelling. (increased speed = increased drag.
38
what is inertia?
An object will remain at rest or in constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. In the human body muscles provide the force to stop or start the motion, accelerated or negatively accelerate, or change direction.
39
what is momentum
Momentum is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its velocity. An object with 0 velocity will have 0 momentum. If objects have the same mass then the object with greater velocity with greater momentum. Great momentum is harder to stop
40
moment = ? velocity = ?
Momentum = Mass x Velocity Velocity = Distance/Time
41
conservation of momentum
Passing of momentum onto another object A heavier object (golf club) transferring momentum onto a lighter object (golf ball) velocity will be generated.
42
summation of momentum 3 points
Using multiple muscle groups (all forces) to generate the greatest possible force. To achieve maximal force requires the combination of: - Perfect timing - Maximum muscle contraction - Excellent technique
43
impulse
to change the momentum of an object, a force must be applied over a period of time.
44
impulse = force =
impulse = force x time force = mass x acceleration
45
the law of force and acceleration
The law of force and acceleration A force applied to an object will produce a change in motion in the direction of the applied force that is directly proportional to the size of the force.
46
the law of action reaction
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
47
first law of angular motion
Angular momentum of a body remains constant unless acted upon by an external torque.
48
second law of angular motion
A torque applied to an object will produce a change in angular motion in the direction of the applied torque that is directly proportional to the size of the torque and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of the object.
49
third law of angular momentum.
For every torque there is an equal and opposite torque.
50
torque definition
Torque: a rotational force that makes an object rotate
51
linear, angular and general motion
Linear Motion: Motion of a body in a straight line eg. flight path of shot put. Angular motion: When the body turns about an axis of rotation General motion: combination of linear and angular motion
52
conservation of angular momentum
Angular momentum is conserved when the body is in flight (remains the same). It is the product of moment of inertia dn the angular velocity of an object rotating around an axis. As the mass of the body cannot be changed, momentum is conserved. The amount of rotation will depend on the magnitude of the force and the distance between the point of force and axis of rotation.
53
moment of inertia = angular momentum =
Moment of inertia = mass x radius^ Angular momentum = moment of inertia x angular velocity
54
rectilinear and curve linear motion with example
Rectilinear: perfectly linear (ski example) Curve linear: projectile motion. (flight path of golf ball.
55
linear distance, displacement, speed and velocity
Distance: the actual course that an object travels. Displacement (change of position): displacement equals the difference between a starting and stopping position. Speed: the ratio of the distance covered to the time taken. (distance/time) Velocity: measures the rate of the positional change of an object. The ratio of displacement to the time taken. (displacement/time)
56
torque definition and 2 factors affecting it
when the force does not go through the centre of gravity causing an object to rotate Two factors affecting torque - Length of lever arm Size of applied force
57
angular distance displacment speed and velocity
Angular distance and displacement Angular distance is the sum of all the angular change in degrees. Angular displacement is the initial displacement is the initial position compared to the final position in degrees. Angular speed and velocity Angular speed = angular distance/time Angular velocity = rate of change of angular displacement/time
58
linear velocity equation and example
Radius of rotation x angular velocity Radius of rotation increases with longer levers. Longer golf driver created more momentum and therefore greater force applied to golf ball.
59
angular acceleration
Change in speed measured in degrees per second squared. It can be positive, negative or zero number
60
Eccentric force + example
Controlled lowering to gravity Downwards motion of bicep curl

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