Unit 3 : Outcome 1 SAC 1A

Question 1

Health (WHO 1946)

Answer 1

A state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Question 2

Wellbeing

Answer 2

A complex combination of all dimensions of health, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

Question 3

Illness

Answer 3

The state of feeling unwell, although the term is often used synonymously with disease.
It refers to how someone may experience the disease

Question 4

Health status

Answer 4

‘An individual’s or population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors’.

Question 5

Physical dimension

Answer 5

Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems, including the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

Question 6

Social dimension

Answer 6

The ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.

Question 7

Mental dimension

Answer 7

Mental health is the current state of wellbeing relating to the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information.

Question 8

Spiritual dimension

Answer 8

Not material in nature but relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscince of human beings.

Question 9

Emotional dimension

Answer 9

Emotional health relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive way.

Question 10

Chronic diseases

Answer 10

Diseases marked by a long duration and frequent recurrence that often progress slowly, especially degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis. Also known as non-communicable diseases.

Question 11

Optimal health and wellbeing

Answer 11

The best possible state of an individual’s health and wellbeing for their age.

Question 12

Equity

Answer 12

Equity is not about treating equally but rather providing what the individuals or groups require for health and wellbeing.

Question 13

Self-assessed health status

Answer 13

An overall measure of a populations health based on persons own perceptions of their health.

Question 14

Life expectancy

Answer 14

An indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.

Question 15

HALE - Health adjusted life expectancy

Answer 15

A measure of burden of disease, based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live based on current rates of ill health and mortality.

Question 16

Mortality

Answer 16

The number of deaths caused by a particular disease, illness or other environmental factor.

Question 17

Infant mortality rate

Answer 17

The number of deaths among children aged under 1 year in a given period, per 1000 live births in the same period.

Question 18

U5MR- Under 5 mortality rate

Answer 18

The number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births.

Question 19

Maternal mortality

Answer 19

Refers to the number of deaths of women due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications.

Question 20

Morbidity

Answer 20

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill- health in a population or group.

Question 21

Burden of diseases

Answer 21

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically, it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY.

Question 22

DALY - Disability adjusted life year

Answer 22

A measure of burden of disease - one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease and injury.

Question 23

YLL - Years of life lost

Answer 23

The fatal burden of disease of a population, defined as the years of life lost due to death.

Question 24

YLD - Years lost due to disability

Answer 24

The non-fatal component of the disease burden; a measurement of the healthy years lost due to diseases or injuries.

Question 25

Incidence

Answer 25

The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.

Question 26

Prevalence

Answer 26

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

Question 27

Health (Ottawa Charter 1986)

Answer 27

A resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasising social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.

Question 28

Dynamic

Answer 28

When something is dynamic, it is changing or moving continually in response to its environment and experiences.

Question 29

How can an health and wellbeing be dynamic?

Answer 29

You may be at optimal health and then you learn of a close family member who has suddenly passed away and that will affect the emotional health and wellbeing

Question 30

Subjective

Answer 30

It is considered to be influenced by personal opinions, beliefs and past experiences, or their perception of their health

Question 31

How can health be subjective?

Answer 31

If someone is fighting the flu they may consider themselves very unwell if they have never experienced a cold before, whereas someone who has a terminal illness the flu may not be as bad

Question 32

Physical health and wellbeing factors

Answer 32

``` Being able to perform physical task effectively Having flexibility of muscles and joints Being free from illness Limiting progression of chronic diseases Strong immune system Physically fit Adequate levels of energy Healthy blood pressure Healthy BMI Reliable body function ```

Question 33

Social health and wellbeing factors

Answer 33

``` Forming friendships Managing conflict effectively Obeying laws and rules of society Maintaining a network of friends Communicating effectively Accepting responsibilities for ones actions Working as part of a team effectively Being respectful of other in a range of social situations Active family member Having meaningful relationships ```

Question 34

Mental health and wellbeing factors

Answer 34

``` Positively forming opinions Coping with day to day demands Positive decision making Feeling good about oneself Being accepting of oneself Supporting and helping the community Having confidence and self belief Coping mechanisms for stress ```

Question 35

Emotional health and wellbeing factors

Answer 35

``` Feelings of accomplishment Feeling in control of feelings Expressing feelings openly Feelings of security Resilience Aware of personal feelings ```

Question 36

Spiritual health and wellbeing factors

Answer 36

``` Sense of belonging Happiness and fulfilment Peace and harmony Being involved in a community in a way that supports your faith system Seeking meaning of life Sense of purpose, meaning or values Having a belief or faith system ```

Question 37

Interrelationships

Answer 37

How dimensions impact on each other

Question 38

Health and wellbeing as a resource

Answer 38

Individually Nationally Globally

Question 39

Individual - health and wellbeing as a resource

Answer 39

``` Participate in everyday activities Helps with growth and development Increases life expectancy and HALE Less likely to contract diseases/illnesses Improves life quality Creates positive relationships Spend less on healthcare costs ```

Question 40

Nationally - health and wellbeing as a resource

Answer 40

``` Increased productivity Increased life expectancy and HALE Less money going to treat, cure and prevent illnesses and it can go somewhere else Increased economy and trade Reduced burden on healthcare system ```

Question 41

Globally - health and wellbeing as a resource

Answer 41

increased life expectancy and HALE Decrease in emergence or re - emergence of communicable diseases Decrease in non communicable diseases Decrease in extreme poverty Increase of economic and social development of low in come countries Increased global economic activity and productivity Vulnerable groups health status improves The ability to act freely

Question 42

Prerequisites for health

Answer 42

``` Peace Shelter Education Food Income Stable ecosystem Sustainable resources Social justice and equity ```

Question 43

Peace prerequisite

Answer 43

Means living with others on the basis of tolerance, respect and mutual understanding More than just absence of war or conflict Access to education, health services, developing sustainability

Question 44

Shelter prerequisite

Answer 44

More than a roof over ones head | Dwelling that provides safety, security and privacy

Question 45

Education prerequisite

Answer 45

Increases health literacy | Affects health behaviours, risk taking, use of healthcare services

Question 46

Health literacy

Answer 46

An ability to obtain, process and use basic health information and services to make an appropriate health decision

Question 47

Food prerequisite

Answer 47

Nutritious food develops a strong immune system, healthy body function, healthy mind function and increase life expectancy and HALE

Question 48

Income prerequisite

Answer 48

Social gradient of health, the more money a person has the healthier they tend to be Money allows access to food, water, shelter, sanitation, education and healthcare The person can be affected by the country's GNP and the individuals income

Question 49

Stable ecosystem prerequisite

Answer 49

Refers to a balanced relationship between species and landscape that live in an environment Provides clean air, water, food.

Question 50

Sustainable resources prerequisite

Answer 50

Relate to using the resources for current living but still keeping the natural systems functioning and have the resources available for future generations Impacts on air quality, water, and wildlife

Question 51

Social justice and equity prerequisite

Answer 51

All people within a community receive fair treatment at all time Equity not equality, taking into account gender, race, religion, culture, socioeconomic background and education

Question 52

Indicators of health status

Answer 52

``` Life expectancy Incidence Prevalence DALY Mortality - maternal, infant and under 5 Morbidity Self assessed health status Burden of disease HALE ```