Unit 3 - Part 1: Memory Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
(L.1) Memory
A
The ability to store and use information
2
Q
(L.1) Memory can be: (2 things)
A
Explicit and implicit
3
Q
(L.1) Explicit memory
A
The conscious recall of fact and events
E.x. riding a bike
4
Q
(L.1) Implicit memory
A
The kind of memory made up of knowledge based on previous experience.
5
Q
(L.1) What are the 3 stages of explicit memory?
A
Sensory memory
Short-term memory/ working memory
Long-term memory
6
Q
(L.1) Sensory memory
A
Large capacity, short duration
7
Q
(L.1) Working memory
A
Small capacity, short duration
8
Q
(L.1) Long Term memory
A
Very high capacity, long duration
9
Q
(L.1) Visual Information is called?
A
Iconic Memory
Memory Aid: You can SEE an ICON
10
Q
(L.1) What is the duration of Iconic Memory?
A
1/3 of a second
11
Q
(L.1) Auditory Information
A
Echoic Memory
Memory Aid: You can HEAR an ECHO
12
Q
(L.1) Who is H.M. (Henry Milason)
A
One of the most scientific case studies.
Was hit by a cyclist, had head injury, endured major seizures, had his lobes removed. His seizures were gone, but he could not form any new memories.
Could learn new tasks
13
Q
(L.1) What do sensory memory stores do?
A
Holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time.
14
Q
(L.1) How big is the working memory’s capacity?
A
Average 7 units, but with a range from 5-9
15
Q
(L.1) What is Chunking?
A
Breaking down a list of items into a smaller set of meaningful units
16
Q
(L.1) What are the three stores of working memory?
A
- Visuospatial (visual)
- Phonological (linguistic)
- Episodic (experiential)
17
Q
(L.1) What are the three processes of working memory?
A
Attending
Storing
Rehersing
18
Q
(L.1) What is the central executive?
A
Manages multiple executive functions at once. Directs the working memory processes
19
Q
(L.1) What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad?
A
It provides storage for visual spatial sensations, such as images, photos, scenes, and/or 3D objects
20
Q
(L.1) What is the Phonological Loop?
A
Provides extra storage for a limited number of digets or words up to 30 seconds at a time
21
Q
(L.1) What is the Serial Position Effect
A
The tendency to have better recall for items in a list according to their position on the list
22
Q
(L.1) What is the Primacy Effect?
A
Being able to recall items that are in long term memory
23
Q
(L.1) What is the Recency Effect?
A
Being able to recall items in working memory
24
Q
(L.2) Define Encoding
A
The process by which the brain attends to, takes in, and integrates new information
25
(L.2) What are the two types of encoding?
Effortful Processing: Encoding of information that occurs with careful attention and conscious effort
Automatic Processing: Encoding of information that occurs with little effort or conscious attention to the task
26
(L.2) The more deeply you process something, the higher the what?
The higher the probability of recall
27
(L.2) If you saw the word BLUE, what kind of encoding is this?
Structural encoding
28
(L.2) What does structural encoding focus on?
The way something looks and its form
Low recall, shallow processing
29
(L.2) If someone asked you if two words rhymed, what kind of encoding would this be?
Phonemic encoding
30
(L.2) What does Phonemic encoding focus on?
The way something sounds
Medium recall, medium processing
31
(L.2) If someone asked you the meaning of a word, what kind of encoding would this be?
Semantic Memory
high recall, deep processing
32
(L.2) Rank the three types of encoding from the shallowest to the deepest
Shallow --> Deep
| Structural, phonemic, semantic
33
(L.2) What is an Mnemonic Device?
A method devised to help remember information, such as a rhyme or acryonym.
34
(L.2) Consolidation
the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory; the second stage of long term memory formation
35
(L.2) What is one of the most important thing for memory and consolidation?
Sleep
36
(L.2) What can have a profound effect on memory and consolidation?
Head injury
37
(L.2) Storage
When the brain organized the information for availability in the future. The third stage in long term memory formation
38
(L.2) Heirarchy
A way of organizing related pieces of information from the most specific feature they have in common to the most general
39
(L.2) Schema
Mental frameworks that develop from our experiences with particular people, objects, or events.
40
(L.2) Retrieval
The recovery of information stored in memory; the fourth stage in long term memory formation
41
(L.2) Associative Network
A chain of associations between related concepts
42
(L.2) Dual Coding theory
Theory proposing that visual and verbal information are processed by independent, non competing systems
43
(L.1) Episodic Memory
Form of memory that recalls the experiences we have had
44
(L.2) Levels of Processing
The concept that the more deeply people encode information, the better they will recall it.
45
(L.1) Procedural Memory
A kind of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behaviour or physical skill we have learned
46
(L.1) Priming
A kind of implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure to the same or similar stimuli
47
(L.1) Rehersal
The process of repeatedly practising material so that it enters long term memory
48
(L.2) If you were given the words jungle, hairy, and bananas, and were asked which word they all related to, what are you using?
Your associative network
49
(L.2) What kind of memory is easier to recall than factual ones
Emotional memories
50
(L.2) Flashbulb memory
A vivid memory for an emotional event of great significance
51
(L.1) Classical Conditioning
Form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic, inborn response
52
(L.2) Retroactive interference
New experiences cause the forgetting of previously learned information
53
(L.2) Proactive interference
Previous experiences interefere with learning new information
54
(L.2) Interference
Disruption of memory because other information competes with the information we are trying to recall. Only works when things are similar, e.g. languages
55
(L.2) What are the sins of omission?
The imperfections of memory and the act of forgetting.
```
Made up of:
Transience/decay
Absentmindedness
Blocking
Repression
```
56
(L.2) What are the sins of commission?
The imperfections of memory and the use of memory as a reconstruction of the past.
```
Made up of:
Misattribution
Consistency Bias
Persistence
Suggestibility
False memories
Recovered memories
```
57
(L.2) Transience & Decay
Most common type of forgetfulness due to the fleeting nature of some memories
58
(L.2) Absentmindedness
A form of forgetfulness that results from inattention
59
(L.2) Blocking
The inability to retrieve some information once it is stored.
Tip of your tounge phenomena
60
(L.2) Repression
A form of blocking in which retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited.
61
(L.2) Misattribution
Belief that a memory came from one source when in fact it came from another
62
(L.2) Consistency Bias
Selective recall of past events to fit our current belief
63
(L.2) Persistence
The repeated recall of pleasant or unpleasant experience even when we activly try to forget them
64
(L.2) Suggestibility
The problem with memory that occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions by someone else or some other source
65
(L.2) False Memory
Memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something
66
(L.2) Recovered memory
A memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness
67
(L.2) Forgetting
The weakening or loss of memories over time
68
(L.2) Forgetting curve
A graphic depiction of how we recall steadily declines over time
69
(L.3) What part of the brain is associated with Vision?
Occipital Lobe
70
(L.3) What part of the brain is associated with Hearing?
Temporal Lobe
71
(L.3) What part of the brain is associated with Touch?
Parietal lobe
72
(L.3) What part of the brain is associated with Taste?
Frontal and Temporal Lobe
73
(L.3) What part of the brain is associated with Smell?
Olfactory Lobe
74
(L.3) While the encoding of senses happens in the hippocampus, where are the memories stored long term?
The memories go back to their initial cortexes for long term storage
75
(L.3) What 2 parts of the brain play a large role in working memory?
The Prefrontal cortex, and the Hippo Campus
76
(L.3) What does the Prefrontal cortex do in regards to working memory?
Directs attention
| Houses the Central executive
77
(L.3) What does the Hippocampus do in regards to working memory?
Encodes episodic memories
| Important in memory consolidation
78
(L.3) What part of the brain is connected to emotional memory?
The Amygdala
79
(L.3) What does the Amygdala do in regards to emotional memory?
Connects an event with emotional signifigance
80
(L.3) If you damage your Amygdala, what happens to your emotional memory?
The damage will block the enhanced memory for emotional details, but it will not block the memory itself.
81
(L.3) What are the two parts of the brain that affect implicit memory storage?
The Striatum & The Cerebellum
82
(L.3) What are the two types of amnesia?
Anterograde Amnesia and Retrograde Amnesia
83
(L.3) Anterograde Amnesia
The inability to remember events and experiences that occur AFTER an injury or the onset of a disease
Memory Aid: both after and anterograde start with A
84
(L.3) Retrograde Amnesia
An inability to recall events and experience that happened BEFORE the onset injury
85
```
PART 1: H.M. had damage to which structure crucial for memory?
(A) Insula
(B) Hippocampus
(C) Thalamus
(D) Hypthalamus
```
(B) Hippocampus
86
```
PART 1: The brief traces of a touch or a smell left by the firing of neurons in the brain are examples of:
(A) Perceptual memory
(B) Long Term potentiation
(C) Implicit memory
(D) Sensory memory
```
(D) Sensory memory
87
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PART 1: What kind of memory do we use to keep someone's phone number in mind right after we've learned it?
(A) Working memory
(B) Iconic memory
(C) Long-term memory
(D) Sensory memory
```
(A) Working memory
88
```
PART 1: What sort of memory allows us to perform skills, such as tying our shoes automatically, once we have mastered them?
(A) Explicit memory
(B) Declarative memory
(C) Procedural memory
(D) Echoic memory
```
(C) Procedural memory
89
PART 1: For sensory input to make the transition from sensory memory to working memory to long-term memory, it must go through what four processing stages?
(A) Encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval
(B) Encoding, reconstruction, storage, and retrieval
(C) Encoding, consolidation, storage, and remembering
(D) Encoding, reconstruction, storage, and remembering
(A) Encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval
90
```
PART 1: The most common type of forgetting, the fleeting nature of some memories, is known as
(A) absent mindedness
(B) decay
(C) transience
(D) blocking
```
(C) Transience
91
```
PART 1: ______ occurs when we wrongly believe the memory came from one source when in fact it came from another.
(A) Misattribution
(B) Interference
(C) Decay
(D) Consistency bias
```
(A) Misattribution
92
```
PART 1: The fact that changing the wording of a question impacts people's recall for events illustrates which sin of memory?
(A) Persistence
(B) Traceability
(C) Rephrasing
(D) Suggestibility
```
(D) Suggestibility
93
```
PART 1: Selective recall of past events to fit our current beliefs is known as:
(A) Memory binding
(B) Consistency bias
(C) Faulty rendering
(D) Persistance
```
(B) Consistency bias
94
```
PART 1: When we actively try to recall information, especially words, from long term memory, we use the:
(A) Occipital cortex
(B) Prefrontal cortex
(C) Parietal Cortex
(D) Parahippocampal gryus
```
(B) Prefrontal cortex
95
```
PART 1: Rehearsal makes memories stick. So does what kind of experience?
(A) Drunkenness
(B) Storage
(C) Emotion
(D) Fatigue
```
(C) Emotion
96
```
PART 1: Complete this phrase: Neurons that _____ together _____ together.
(A) Grow; Sow
(B) Lie; Die
(C) Synapse; Degrade
(D) Fire; Wire
```
(D) Fire; Wire
97
```
PART 1: Both the timing and _____ of neural firing are crucial in making a memory permanent.
(A) Frequency
(B) Intensity
(C) Location
(D) Distance
```
(A) Frequency
98
```
PART 1: CREB is a(n) ______ that switches on genes responsible for the development of new synapses.
(A) Amino Acid
(B) Protein
(C) Neurotransmitter
(D) Enzyme
```
(B) Protein
99
```
PART 1: ______ is the inability to remember events and experiences that occur *after* an injury or the onset of a disease.
(A) Anterograde amnesia
(B) Retrograde amnesia
(C) Post traumatic amnesia
(D) Selective amnesia
```
(A) Anterograde Amnesia
100
```
PART 1: In terms of studying your course material, rereading notes and highlighting the book are both examples of ______ processing
(A) depth of
(B) staged
(C) shallow
(D) retroactive
```
(C) Shallow
101
PART 1: Which of the following study approaches is most effective for long term memory?
(A) Rote rehearsal
(B) Studying large amounts of material in a few sessions
(C) Rereading the chapter
(D) Spacing out your study sessions to cover different topics in several sessions
(D) Spacing out your study sessions to cover different topics in several sessions
102
PART 1: Which of the following helps you process new material more deeply?
(A) Making the material personally relevant
(B) Building up associations with new concepts
(C) Discussing the material
(D) All of the above
(D) All of the above
