Unit 3 - Part 2: Learning Flashcards by Payton Chapley

(L.4) Learning

Enduring changes in behaviour that occur with experience

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(L.4) Orienting response

An automatic shift of attention.

e.g. turning your head when you think you hear your name being called

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(L.4) Habituation

The adaption to a constant stimuli.

Learning not to respond

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(L.4) What are the two types of conditioning?

Classical conditioning
and
Operant conditioning

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(L.4) Association

The process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked so that we begin to connect them in our minds.

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(L.4) Conditioning

A form of associative learning in which behaviours are triggered by associations with events in the environment

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(L.4) Classical conditioning

Association of neutral stimulus to a naturally meaningful and automatic response

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(L.4) Operant conditioning

Learning based upon the consequences of behaviour

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(L.4) Conditioned response (CR)

A behaviour that an individual learns to perform when presented with the conditioned stimulus

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(L.4) Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that an individual learns to associate with the unconditioned stimulus

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(L.4) Unconditioned response (UR)

The automatic, inborn reaction to a stimulus

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(L.4) Unconditioned stimulus (US)

The stimulus that always produces the same unlearned response.

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(L.4) What is forward pairing?

Presenting the Conditioned stimulus (CS) before the unconditioned stimulus (US)

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(L.4) What is backward pairing?

Presenting the unconditioned stimulus (US) before the conditioned stimulus (CS)

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(L.4) Which pairing works the best?

Forward pairing

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(L.4) What is the criteria of pairing?

Multiple pairings of CS and US necessary.

CS and US must be presented close together in time

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(L.4) Generalization

Extension of the association between US and CS to include a broad array of similar stimuli

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(L.4) Discrimination

Restriction of a conditioned response (CR) to the exact conditioned stimulus (CS) to which it was conditioned.

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(L.4) Extinction

The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response, which occurs when the unconditioned stimulus (US) is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus (CS)

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(L.4) Spontaneous recovery

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response

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(L.4) Higher-order conditioning

A form of conditioning whereby a neutral stimulus is paired with a CS

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(L.4) What is ‘Little Albert’?

An experiment conducted by John Watson to use classical conditioning to make a young child, little Albert, afraid of white rats, and other fluffy objects.

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(L.4) What does Thorndike’s law of effect say?

The consequences of a behaviour increase (or decrease) the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated.

Seen through the example of Thorndike’s puzzle box

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(L.4) What is a reinforcer?

An internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behaviour

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(L.4) Primary reinforcers

Innate, unlearned reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, water, & sex)

(L.4) Secondary reinforcers

Reinforcers that are learned by association, usually via classical conditioning (grades, money, etc...)

(L.4) Positive reinforcement

The presentation or addition of a stimulus after behaviour occurs that increases how often that behaviour will occur.

(L.4) Negative reinforcement

The removal of a stimulus after a behaviour to increase the frequency of that behaviour

(L.4) Positive punishment

The addition of a stimulus that decreases behaviour

(L.4) Negative punishment

The removal of a stimulus to decrease behaviour

(L.4) Punishment

Stimulus, presented after a behaviour, that decreases the frequency of the behaviour

(L.5) Shaping

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behaviour.

(L.5) Skinner box

Simple chamber used for operant conditioning of small animals

(L.5) Continuous reinforcement

Reinforcement of a behaviour every time it occurs

(L.5) Intermittent reinforcement schedules

Reinforcement of a behaviour - but not after every response

(L.5) Fixed Ratio (FR)

Receives a reward after X # of actions

(L.5) Fixed Intervals (FI)

Receives a reward after X period

(L.5) Variable Ratio (VR)

Receives a reward after an average # of actions

(L.5) Variable Intervals (VI)

Receive a reward after an average period of time

(L.5) What intermittent reinforcement schedule is response based and fixed?

Fixed ratio (FR)

(L.5) What intermittent reinforcement schedule is time based and fixed?

Fixed intervals (FI)

(L.5) What intermittent reinforcement schedule is response based and variable?

Variable ratio (VR)

(L.5) What intermittent reinforcement schedule is time based and variable?

Variable intervals (VI)

(L.5) Latent learning

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs.

(L.5) Imprinting

The rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth.

(L.5) Contrast effects

If a reward changes, the behaviour changes as well

(L.5) If a reward becomes positive, what happens?

The behaviour happens more frequently

(L.5) If a reward becomes negative, what happens?

The behaviour happens less frequently

(L.5) Conditioned taste aversion

The learned avoidance of a particular taste or food

(L.6) What is the Bobo Doll experiment?

An experiment where children saw adults acting either aggressively or politely to a doll, which they more often than not imitated when placed with the doll

(L.6) Social Learning Theory

A description of the kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behaviour of others

(L.6) Enactive learning

Learning by doing

(L.6) Observational learning

Learning by watching

(L.6) Modelling

The imitation of behaviours performed by others

(L.6) What parts of the brain are connected to classical conditioning?

The Amygdala The Hypothalamus The Frontal Lobes

(L.6) In regards to classical conditioning, what is the role of the Amygdala?

it is active during the conditioned fear

(L.6) What does damage to what Amygdala do?

Prevents the CR to fearful stimuli

(L.6) What part of the brain is connected to Operant conditioning?

The Nucleus accumbens

(L.6) In regards to operant conditioning, what is the role of the Nucleus Accumbens?

It is activated by conditioned/secondary reinforcers

(L.6) Where can Mirror Neurons control observational learning?

In the Frontal Lobe

(L.6) When do mirror neurons respond?

When performing an action, and when watching someone else perform said action

(L.6) Drug replacement therapy

A treatment for addiction that involves a less harmful form of the drug to avoid withdrawl

(L.6) Behaviour Modification

The application of operant conditioning principles to change behaviour

PART 2: Using the definition provided in the text, which is the best example of learning? (A) A plant moves towards the sun in order to get the best sunlight (B) A newborn baby automatically grabs a finger that is placed in their palm (C) A cat perks up its ears and looks towards the sound after a bell has been rung. (D) Ten year old Jerry can snowboard down the mountain after practising for a week

(D) Ten year old Jerry can snowboard down the mountain after practising for a week

PART 2: Because we always use a can opener to open his food, Spalding the cat runs into the kitchen each time he hears someone open the drawer where the can opener is kept. According to the text, Spalding has: (A) Remembered what cat food is (B) Made an association between the drawer opening and being fed (C) Habituated to noises in the kitchen (D) None of the above

(B) Made an association between the drawer opening and being fed

``` PART 2: A rat presses a lever, resulting in food delivery. The rat then presses the lever more frequently. This is an example of (A) Punishment (B) Higher Order Conditioning (C) Reinforcement (D) Extinction ```

``` PART 2: In a typical classical conditioning experiment, a neutral stimulus is: (A) Repeatedly paired with the UR (B) Not paired with any other stimulus. (C) Repeatedly paired with the CS (D) Repeatedly paired with the US ```

(D) Repeatedly paired with the US

``` PART 2: A slot machine player cannot know how many pulls of the slot machine arm it will take to win. On one occasion it might take just one pull to win a small jackpot. Other times dozens of quarters might be spent before winning. This payout schedule is what kind of schedule of reinforcement? (A) Fixed interval (B) Fixed ratio (C) Variable interval (D) Variable ratio ```

(D) Variable ratio

``` PART 2:Because Konrad Lorenz was the first and only animal they knew for the first weeks of their life, baby geese thought Lorenz was their 'mother'. This kind of association is known as: (A) Reinforcement (B) Imprinting (C) Learning (D) Conditioning ```

(B) Imprinting

PART 2: When thinking about Pavlov's dogs, what are the US, UR, CS, CR?

US: The food UR: Salivation CS: Bell CR: Salivation to the bell

``` PART 2: Barbara just started a new job, and she watches how her colleagues dress and act. The type of learning Barbara is doing is known as: (A) Observational Learning (B) Enactive Learning (C) Operant Conditioning (D) Reinforcement ```

(A) Observational learning

PART 2: The major finding(s) from Bandura's so-called Bobo doll experiments were that: (A) Children learn to be aggressive by watching other people be aggressive (B) Children learn to be aggressive by observing whether aggression in others is reinforced. (C) Children learn to be aggressive only if they see someone of the same sex be aggressive (D) Both A and B are correct

(D) Both A and B are correct

PART 2: Research generally shows that children: (A) Are not at all likely to be aggressive after watching aggression on TV or in movies (B) Are likely to be aggressive after watching aggression on TV or in movies (C) Are more aggressive after watching aggression on TV or in movies only if they are from impoverished backgrounds (D) Know the difference between movies and real life and are not influenced by movie violence.

(B) Are likely to be aggressive after watching aggression on TV or in movies

PART 2: Damage to the _______ results in impairment in _________. (A) Amygdala; observational learning (B) Amygdala; fear conditioning (C) Nucleus accumbens; observational learning (D) Nucleus accumbens; fear conditioning

(B) Amygdala; fear conditioning

PART 2: The neurotransmitter dopamine acting on neurons in the nucleus accumbens is important in: (A) Making associations between CSs and aversive USs (B) Making associations between CSs and pleasurable USs (C) Controlling how hard an animal will work for a positive reinforcer (D) Habituation to an aversive stimulus

PART 2: Research on learning and the brain has shown that rats raised in impoverished environment (A) Learn just as quickly as rats raised in enriched environment. (B) Have the same number of neurons in the hippocampus as the rats raised in enriched environments. (C) Learn more slowly but have the same number of neurons and synaptic connections as rats (D) Learn more slowly and have fewer neurons and synaptic connections as rats raised in enriched environments.

(D) Learn more slowly and have fewer neurons and synaptic connections as rats raised in enriched environments.

``` PART 2: The acquisition phase of addiction is dependent upon which learning process? (A) Withdrawal (B) Relapse (C) Positive reinforcement (D) Negative reinforcement ```

``` PART 2: A heroin user regularly injects the drug in his bathroom at home. As a result, going to the bathroom at home now triggers a craving for heroin. In this situation, the bathroom has become a: (A) US (B) CS (C) UR (D) CR ```

(B) CS

``` PART 2: Drug use for personality type is motivated by positive reinforcement? (A) Anxiety sensitive (B) Hopeless (C) Sensation seeking (D) Impulsive ```

Unit 3 - Part 2: Learning Flashcards

(79 cards)