Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APES > Unit 3 - Populations > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Populations Flashcards

1
Q

specialists

A

smaller range of tolerance or narrower ecological niche makes them more prone to extinction
- specific food requirements
- less ability to adapt to new conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

generalists

A

larger range of tolerance, broader niche makes them less prone to extinction and more likely to be invasive
- broad food requirements
- high adaptibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

K-selected species (quality)

A
  • large
  • stable environment
  • few offspring per reproduction event, high parental care
    -reproduce many times
  • live in stable environments
  • long life spans
  • density dependent
  • low biotic potential = slow pop. growth rate
  • competition for resources is relatively high
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

r-selected species (quantity)

A
  • small
  • unstable environment
  • density independent
  • have many offspring, little to no parental care
  • may reproduce only once
  • shorter lifespan, quick to sexual maturity = high biotic potential = high pop. growth rate
  • more likely to be invasive
  • better suited for rapidly changing env. conditions
  • competition for resources is relatively low
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

biotic potential

A

low biotic potential (rep. rate) = hard for pop. to recover after a disturbance (env. change)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

r-selected species tend to be

A

high biotic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

k-selected species tend to be

A

low biotic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

survivorship curves: faster drop in line

A

quicker die off individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

survivorship curves: slower drop in line

A

longer avg. lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

survivorship curves

A

line that shows survival rate of a cohort (group of same aged individuals) in a pop. from birth to death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

type I

A
  • mostly K-selected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

type I - early life

A
  • high survivorship early in life due to high parental care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

type I - midlife

A
  • high survivorship in midlife due to large size and defensive behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

type I - late life

A
  • rapid decrease in survivorship in late life as old age sets in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

type II

A
  • in between r & K
  • steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

type III

A
  • mostly r-selected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

type III - early life

A
  • high mortality (low survivorship) early in life due to little to no parental care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

type III - midlife

A
  • few make it to midlife; slow, steady decline in survivorship in midlife
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

type III - late life

A
  • even fewer make it to adulthood; slow decline in survivorship in old age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

carrying capacity (K)

A

the max number of individuals in a population that an ecosystem can support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is carrying capacity based on

A

based on limiting resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

limiting resources

A
  • highest population size of an ecosystem can support based on limiting resources
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

overshoot

A

when a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

consequence of overshoot

A

resource depletion
- ex: overgrazing in deer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

die-off/die-back

A

sharp decrease in population size when resource depletion (overshoot) leads to many individuals dying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

pop. characteristics: size

A
  • total number of individuals in a given area at a given time
  • larger = safer from population decline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

pop. characteristics: density

A
  • number of individuals in an area
  • high density = high competition, possibility for disease outbreak or depleting of food source
28
Q

pop. characteristics: distribution

A
  • how individuals in population are spaced out compared to each other
  • random (trees)
  • uniform (territorial animals)
  • clumped (herd/group animals)
29
Q

pop. characteristics: sex ratio

A
  • ratio of males to females closer to 50:50, the more ideal for breeding (usually)
  • die off bottleneck effect can lead to skewed sex ratio, limiting pop. growth
30
Q

density dependent factors

A
  • tend to be biotic, have a strong influence when the number of organisms per unit area reaches a certain level
  • factors that influence population growth based on size
31
Q

density independent factors

A
  • tend to be abiotic, have an effect on all populations, regardless of size or density
  • factors that influence population growth independent of their size
32
Q

biotic potential

A
  • max potential growth rate, with no limiting resources
  • may occur initially, but limiting resources (competition, food, disease, predators) slow growth, and eventually limit population to carrying capacity
33
Q

age cohorts

A

groups of similarly aged individuals

34
Q

0-14 years old

A

pre- reproductive

35
Q

15-45 years old

A

reproductive age

36
Q

46+ years old

A

post reproductive age

37
Q

extreme pyramid

A
  • expanding rapidly
  • rapid growth
  • ex: guatemala, nigeria, saudi arabia
38
Q

less extreme pyramid

A
  • slow stable growth
  • expanding slowly
  • ex: US, Australia, Canada
39
Q

house

A
  • stable
  • little to no growth
  • ex: spain, portugal, greece
40
Q

inverted pyramid

A
  • declining population
  • ex: germany, bulgaria, italy
41
Q

total fertility rate (TFR)

A
  • average number of children a women in a population will bear throughout her lifetime
  • higher TFR = higher birth rate, higher population growth rate
42
Q

replacement level fertility

A

the TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep population size stable

43
Q

what is the replacement level fertility in developed countries

A
  • 2.1 (replace mom and dad)
44
Q

what is the replacement level fertility in underdeveloped countries

A
  • higher than 2.1 due to higher infant mortality
45
Q

infant mortality rate (IMR)

A
  • number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1000 people in a population
46
Q

IMR in lower developed countries

A
  • higher due to lack of access to healthcare, clean water, enough food
47
Q

higher IMR = ___ TFR

A

higher IMR = higher TFR due to families having replacement children

48
Q

factors in IMR decline

A
  1. access to clean water
  2. access to healthcare (hospitals, vaccines)
  3. more reliable food supply
49
Q

factors that affect the TFR: development

A
  • more developed or wealthy nations have a lower TFR than lower developed countries
50
Q

why do developed countries have lower TFR

A
  • more educational access for women
  • more economic opportunity for women
  • high access to family planning and contraceptives
  • later age of first pregnancy
  • less need for children to provide income through ag. labor
51
Q

factors that affect the TFR: gov. policy

A
  • can play a huge role in fertility by coercive (forceful) or noncoercive (encouraging) policies
  • forced or voluntary sterilization
  • chinas 1 (now 2) child policy
  • tax incentives to have fewer children
  • microcredits or loans to women without children to start business
52
Q

malthusian’s theory

A
  • earth has a human carrying capacity probably based on food production
  • human population growth is happening faster than growth of food production
  • humans will reach a carrying capacity limiting by food
53
Q

growth rate (r)

A

% increase in a population (usually per year)

54
Q

crude birth rate (CBR)

A

births per 1000 people

55
Q

crude death rate (CDR)

A

death per 1,000 people

56
Q

calculating growth rate

A

= (CBR - CDR) / 10

  • growth rate is always expressed as a %
57
Q

doubling time (rule of 70)

A
  • the time it takes (in years) for a population to double is equal to 70 divided by the growth rate
58
Q

doubling time calculations

A

number of years to double = 70/r (where r is a %, not a decimal)

59
Q

industrialization

A

the process of economic and social transition from an agrarian economy to an industrial one (manufacturing based)

60
Q

demographic transition model

A
  • a model showing how a nation’s population, birth, and death rate are historically correlated when transitioning from agrarian to industrialized
61
Q

stage 1 of DTM - preindustrial

A
  • high birth and death rate
  • high IMR and death rate due to lack of access to clean water, stable food supply, and healthcare
  • high TFR due to lack of access to education for women, contraceptives
  • little to no growth due to CBR & CDR balancing each other out
  • virtually, no country is in stage 1
62
Q

stage 2 of DTM - industrialized/developing

A
  • modernizations bring access to clean water, healthcare, stable food supply
  • IMR & CDR decline
  • TFR remains high due to lack of ed. for women, contraceptives, etc.
    -rapid growth due to high CBR and declining CDR
  • short life expectancy
63
Q

stage 3 of DTM - industrialized/developed

A
  • modernized economy and society increase family income
  • TFR declines significantly due to more educational opportunities for women, delayed age of marriage and first child
  • access to family planning and contraceptives
  • slowing growth rate as CBR drops closer to CDR
  • long life expectancy
  • high literacy rate
64
Q

stage 4 of DTM - highly developed

A
  • highly modernized countries that are very affluent
  • TFR declines even further as families become more wealthy and spend even more time on educational and career pursuits
  • family planning and contraceptives
  • CBR drops lower than CDR and growth becomes negative
  • longest life expectancy
65
Q

population momentum calculations

A

r = (b + i) - (d + e)

  • r = population growth rate
  • b = birth rate
  • i = immigration rate
  • d = death rate
  • e = emigration rate
66
Q

density dependent examples

A

space, water, nutrients/food, shelter, competition, predation, disease, parasitism

67
Q

density independent examples

A

natural disaster, temperature, sunlight, human activities, physical characteristics, behaviors

APES (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions