Unit 3 Quiz 1

Question 1

Name the three main age structures and what they indicate

be able to identify them

Answer 1

pyramid: indicative of growth

column: indicative of stability

Inverted pyramid: indicative of decline

Question 2

list 4 stages of demographic transition model & explain them to the best of your ablity

list:
-relationship between CBR and CDR
-Types of countries that exhibit this
-what happens to CBR and CDR
-Why does the country exhibit this
-How are children considered
-shape of age structure & meaning

Answer 2

phase 1: preindustrial
slow to no growth (CBR approx same as CDR)
No countries really exhibit this, more historical
BR and DR are high, due to infant mortality and lack of family planning & education
children are economical assets
Exaggerated pyramid shape : pop does not grow because so few individuals make it to reproductive age

stage 2: transitional/developing
exponential growth (CBR»CDR)
BR remains high (children are still an economic asset)
DR declines substantially (medicine & living conditions improve)
As pop progresses through phase two, population momentum goes down, and family planning access goes up
standard pyramid age structure, indicative of growth

phase 3: industrial/developed
pop growth slows (CBR>CDR) and eventually levels off.
education and access to family planning increase, more women enter workforce, people marry have children later
having children is an economic burden, big CBR drop
column age structure, stable

phase 4: post industrial (Developed)
pop declines slightly (CBR<CDR)
shrinking young pop struggles to support elderly pop
govt. may incentivize having kids
CBR doesn’t rise, CDR does due to elderly and natural causes
Inverted pyramid age structure, indicative of decline

Question 3

in general, low income rural pops tend to generate ____ in respect to environment and resources

Answer 3

highly localized impacts but also have a solid interest in protecting and conserving their resources.

Question 4

Tech can have varied impacts on our ____

positive vs. negative

Answer 4

environmental footprint

pos: can be used to enhance sustainability and efficiency

Neg: can increase our footprint and resource use.

Question 5

only ___ of the human pop lives in developed countries, consuming over ___ of the world’s resources.
adjustments need to made to ensure other countries have ____

Answer 5

1/5, 1/2, room to grow

Question 6

dam

Answer 6

a barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water

Question 7

reservoir

Answer 7

water body created by damming a river or stream

Question 8

identify primary reasons humans have constructed dams

Answer 8

to do work
flood control
electricity

Question 9

identify some benefits of building dams

Answer 9

power, controlling water flow, agriculture

Question 10

identify some problems and challenges that arise with building and maintaining dams

Answer 10

uses energy, materials, displaces some people, environmental impacts, societal imapcts

Question 11

fish ladder

Answer 11

Stairs with water flowing over them. Allow fish to swim upstream.

Question 12

the area around a river that periodically floods

why is it important in human history

Answer 12

floodplain

replenished nutrients in soil throughout history, provided fertile land for civilizations

Question 13

levee

Answer 13

an enlarged bank on each side of the river

Question 14

identify primary reasons for levees

Answer 14

prevent flooding and control how far water can spread

Question 15

Identify some of the problems and challenges that arise with building and maintaining levees

Answer 15

fertility of soil decreases
water can make it over top and erode and a huge hole in the leeve

Question 16

aqueducts

Answer 16

a canal, ditch or pipe used to carry water from one place to another

Question 17

identify primary reasons for which humans have constructed aqueducts

Answer 17

transporting clean water for various purposes, such as cleaning, drinking, cooking, etc.

Question 18

identify some of the problems w/ building and maintaining aqueducts

Answer 18

expensive
disturbs habitats
downstream impacts

Question 19

Water itself is abundant,
freshwater is rare __%
usable freshwater is rarer still __% of the previous portion

Answer 19

3%, less than 23%

Question 20

artesian well

Answer 20

Created by drilling a hole into a confined aquifer this works due to pressure

Question 21

water table

Answer 21

uppermost level at which the water in a given area fully saturates rock or soil. The top part of the aquifer

Question 22

ground water that exists in the soil and in a multitude of small spaces found within porous layers of rock and sediment are called

Answer 22

aquifers

Question 23

unconfined vs. confined aquifers

Answer 23

unconfined: made of prous rock covered by soil (water can easily flow in or out)

confined: surrounded by impermeable rock/clay, impedes water flow

Question 24

ground water recharge

Answer 24

water from preci can percolate thru soil and work its way into an aquifer.
It is more difficult for confined aquifers to recharge.

Question 25

impervious surfaces

Answer 25

reduce groundwater recharge

Question 26

How can you increase water infiltration in urban areas

Answer 26

reducing impervious surface area increase public transprt build up vs. out use more permable pavement increase vegetation in urban areas

Question 27

cone of depression

Answer 27

depression caused by high levels of water extraction

Question 28

saltwater intrusion

Answer 28

when an aquifer neighbors an ocean, groundwater depletion can cause saltwater

Question 29

drought

Answer 29

prolonged period of abnormally low precipitation

Question 30

drought can have long term implications for:

Answer 30

water security: unconfined aquifers are rapidly depleted soil quality: increased erosion results in topsoil and OM loss

Question 31

desalinization

Answer 31

process of removing salt from saltwater distillation: evaporation reverse osmosis: uses a membrane

Question 32

problems w desalinization

Answer 32

while it is promising, it is also energy intensive, expensive, and its wastes are challing to manage

Question 33

types of irrigation

Answer 33

flood: easy, cheap, low tech. Not efficient. Waterlogs soil and can lead to salinization furrow: easy and cheap. floods furrows instead of the whole plain spray: more expensive and less energy efficient. can also lead to waterlogging, but not in humid environments. drip: uses a slowly dripping hose on or beneath soil. most efficient with water but cost and labor intensive, especially w/ annual plants.

Question 34

hydroponic agriculture

Answer 34

cultivation of crops and plants under greenhouse conditions w/ roots immersed in a nutrient rich solution very efficient with resources. super productive yields limited in what you can grow (no grains)

Question 35

roughly ___ of the world's freshwater is used for industry

Answer 35

20%

Question 36

roughly __ of the worlds freshwater is used for household use

Answer 36

10%

Question 37

what allowed for massive human growth 400 years ago

Answer 37

trans atlantic slave trade

Question 38

Malthusian trap:

Answer 38

populations set themselves up for overshoot and die off

Question 39

Growth rate formula:

Answer 39

(CBR-CDR)/10

Question 40

CBR and CDR:

Answer 40

crude birth and death rates per 1000 people

Question 41

national population growth rate:

Answer 41

(CBR+immigration) - (CDR+emigration) ________________________________________ 10

Question 42

doubling time formula:

Answer 42

70/growth rate (%)

Question 43

what factors influence CBR and CDR in human populations

Answer 43

density dependent: food, disease, space density independent: climate, disasters societal: family planning, education, war/religion, etc.

Question 44

total fertility rate (tfr)

Answer 44

average number of children each woman in a population will bear

Question 45

replacement level fertility

Answer 45

TFR required to sustain pop

Question 46

TFR for industrialized countries developing countries

Answer 46

2 3 or 4

Question 47

Family planning

Answer 47

regulation of # or spacing of offspring through use of birth control

Question 48

role of family planning and education in pop

Answer 48

reduce need/want for kids, women have less kids