Unit 3 Quiz Flashcards
Enlightenment (20 cards)
What is the Enlightenment?
18C philosophical movement of intellectuals impressed by the Scientific Revolution that emphasized the use of reason to understand life.
The Enlightenment sought to apply reason to all aspects of life, including government, religion, and social issues.
What was the goal of Enlightenment philosophers?
To question reason and order, change ideas about rights and liberties, and stress using reason to solve human problems.
Philosophers aimed to advocate for natural rights and improve the relationship between government and the people.
What are the characteristics of a philosophe?
Used scientific methods to improve society, believed in reforming government and law, and wanted social justice and equality.
Philosophes were key figures in promoting Enlightenment ideas.
What were salons?
Elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class where intellectual conversations occurred, usually hosted by educated women.
Salons facilitated the spread of Enlightenment ideas.
Who were some prominent women involved in the Enlightenment?
- Madame Geoffrin
- Abigail Adams
- Olympe de Gouges
- Mary Wollstonecraft
These women played significant roles in nurturing and spreading Enlightenment thinking.
What role did Madame Geoffrin play in the Enlightenment?
Prominent salon sponsor, redirected heated conversations, financially supported the Encyclopedists, and involved in charitable causes.
She was instrumental in promoting Enlightenment ideas through her salons.
What is an enlightened despot?
Monarchs who made reforms reflecting Enlightenment ideas while maintaining their power.
Examples include Frederick the Great, Joseph II, and Catherine the Great.
What reforms did Catherine II (The Great) of Russia implement?
Codified laws, restricted torture, allowed religious toleration, and attempted to reform education.
Her rule included various Enlightenment reforms aimed at modernizing Russia.
What were Joseph II’s contributions to the Enlightenment?
Expanded religious toleration, outlawed torture, abolished the death penalty, and improved the lives of Jews.
He promoted education and social equality as part of his reforms.
What were Frederick II’s (the Great) accomplishments?
Judicial reforms, reduced torture, and encouraged education for peasants.
Frederick II’s policies aimed at modernizing Prussia while maintaining control.
What was Denis Diderot’s most famous contribution?
The Encyclopedia or Reasoned Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, and Trades.
It aimed to change general thinking and spread Enlightenment ideas.
What legacy did the Enlightenment leave behind?
Challenged long-held societal ideas, inspired the American and French Revolutions, promoted belief in progress, secular outlook, and importance of the individual.
These ideas reshaped modern political and social thought.
What were the key concepts of Thomas Hobbes’ political philosophy?
- State of war among men
- Social contract
- Absolute monarchy for societal order
Hobbes believed that people needed to surrender freedoms for security.
What were John Locke’s views on government?
- State of nature characterized by freedom and equality
- Social contract to protect natural rights
- Right to rebel against oppressive governments
Locke emphasized individual rights and the responsibility of government to protect them.
What was Jean Jacques Rousseau’s view on human nature?
Focused on self-preservation and compassion, which he believed were corrupted by society.
Rousseau argued for a social contract based on the general will of the people.
What was Voltaire’s stance on organized religion?
Critical of organized religion, often associated with deism, and advocated for tolerance between religions.
He believed in the importance of free speech and honest debate.
What are the two main philosophical theories of Cesare Beccaria regarding punishment?
- Consequentialism
- Retributivism
Beccaria examined the purpose of punishment, advocating for reform in the criminal justice system.
What are Beccaria’s key elements of punishment?
- Swiftness
- Certainty
- Severity
These elements are essential for effective deterrence of crime.
What did Beccaria believe about capital punishment?
It should be ended completely.
Beccaria argued that preventing crime was more important than punishing it.
What is Beccaria known as?
The Father of Criminal Justice or the Father of Classical School of Criminology.
His ideas laid the groundwork for modern criminal justice systems.
