unit 3 review guide Flashcards
What is the pathway of blood in and out of the heart in pulmonary and systemic circulation?
The pathway involves the heart pumping oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
What is the difference between arteries, veins and capillaries?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart, and capillaries are small vessels where gas exchange occurs.
What are the major arteries and veins in the body and which regions do they serve?
Major arteries include the aorta (body), brachial artery (arm), and femoral artery (leg). Major veins include the superior vena cava (upper body) and inferior vena cava (lower body).
What is systolic and diastolic pressure?
Systolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries during heartbeats, while diastolic pressure is the pressure when the heart rests between beats.
What is cardiac output?
Cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute. The formula is CO = SV x HR, where SV is stroke volume and HR is heart rate.
What is the stroke volume for a normal, resting heart rate?
The stroke volume for a normal, resting heart rate is typically around 70 mL.
How does cardiac output help assess overall heart health?
Cardiac output indicates how well the heart is functioning to supply blood to the body.
How does an increased or decreased cardiac output impact the body?
Increased cardiac output can lead to higher blood pressure, while decreased output can result in inadequate blood flow to organs.
How can cardiovascular measurements and calculations be used to determine whether a person has PAD?
Measurements like ankle-brachial index can indicate peripheral artery disease (PAD), which is a condition of narrowed arteries reducing blood flow.
What is PAD?
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a condition where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs.
Be familiar with the heart conduction system.
The heart conduction system includes the SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers, which coordinate heartbeats.
Be able to label an EKG with simple p, QRS, and t intervals.
An EKG shows the P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), and T wave (ventricular repolarization).
What are the names of some funky rhythms?
Sinus rhythm- normal rhythm
Bradyarrhythmia - Abnormally slow resting heart rate
Tachyarrhythmias- abnormally fast heart rate
Sinus tachycardia- stressful situation heart rate
atrial fibrillation- irregular heartbeat/ very rapid
Ventricular Tachycardia- doesnt recieve enough oxygenated blood
What is a pacemaker and how does it help?
A pacemaker is a device that helps regulate the heartbeat by sending electrical impulses to the heart.
Label the respiratory system.
The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
How do we breathe?
We breathe by contracting the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, creating negative pressure that draws air into the lungs.
How is gas exchanged?
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed.
Sheep Pluck Dissection - lung anatomy.
Lung anatomy includes lobes and fissures, which change shape during inhalation and exhalation.
Label a lung volume graph.
A lung volume graph measures tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
What is asthma?
Asthma is a chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty in breathing.
How does asthma affect flow rate?
Asthma can reduce airflow, leading to decreased peak expiratory flow rates.
What are the differences between viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi?
Viruses are non-living infectious agents, bacteria are single-celled organisms, protists are diverse eukaryotic microorganisms, and fungi are spore-producing organisms.
What are the different layers of skin?
The skin has three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, each with distinct functions.
What is sepsis?
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the body’s response to infection, leading to tissue damage and organ failure.
