UNIT 3 ➜ SAC 2 Flashcards Flashcards by Georgia Smith

What is Body Weight and how is it determined?

Body weight is concerned w/ HIGH body weight due to an excess of body fat

It’s determined by the Body Mass Index (BMI)
○ Overweight = 25-29.9 BMI
○ Obese = 30+ BMI

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High body weight becomes a risk factor for what conditions?

○ CVD
○ Type 2 diabetes
○ Arthritis
○ Musculoskeletal conditions

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What is Blood pressure?

Refers to the pressure exerted on the blood vessel walls

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High blood pressure becomes a risk factor for what conditions?

○ High BMI
○ CVD
○ Heart disease
○ Kidney disease

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What is Blood Cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a fat-like substance that’s produced by your body and is found in foods. Too much = damage arteries

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High blood cholesterol becomes a risk factor for what conditions?

○ Heart Disease
○ CVD
○ Stroke

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What is Birth weight?

Refers to babies born w/ a LOW birth weight (under 2.5kg)

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Low birth weight becomes a risk factor for what conditions?

○ Undeveloped immune system
○ Speech + learning disabilities
○ High blood pressure and CVD (later in life)

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What is Glucose AND what is Glucose regulation?

Glucose is the main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the body’s cells

When carbohydrates are eaten, glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream.
As blood sugar levels rise, the pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that prompts cells to absorb glucose for energy or storage

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Impaired glucose regulation becomes a risk factor for what conditions?

○ Type 2 diabetes

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What are genetics AND what are the 2 sex hormones?

Genetic material contained in body cells controls many aspects of life that influence health status (e.g. sex, body type, hormone production etc.)

The 2 sex hormones are:
○ Oestrogen = female sex hormone ➡ Regulates menstrual cycle
○ Testosterone = male sex hormone ➡ Responsible for male sex characteristics + production of spearm

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How does genetics (in particular, sex hormones) become a risk factor for conditions?

Oestrogen
○ Lack of Oestrogen = causes Osteoporosis ➡ increased morbidity and incidence

Testosterone
○ High levels of Testosterone = encourage risk-taking behaviours ➡ increased number of injuries and morbidity

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What aspects of Housing can contribute to variations in Health status?

○ Ventilation and hygiene
○ Design and safety
○ Overcrowding
○ Sleeping conditions
○ Security
○ Pollutants

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What are some examples of how poor quality housing can become a risk factor for different conditions?

Poor ventilation and hygiene
Damp surfaces = Mould ➡ ⇧ Respiratory conditions = increased morbidity

Overcrowding
Poor sleep = ⇧ fatigue ➡ ⇧ mental health conditions = increased morbidity

Design and safety
Not adequately maintained (e.g. slippery floors) ➡ ⇧ risk of injury = increased morbidity

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What aspects of an individuals work environment can contribute to variations in Health status?

○ Exposure to UV radiation
○ Exposure to hazardous substances
○ Dangerous working conditions
- Exposure to machinery
- Exposure to roads

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What are some examples of how a person’s work environment can become a risk factor for different conditions?

Exposure to UV radiation
Works outdoors ➡ ⇧ exposure to UV = ⇧ risk of skin cancer

Dangerous working conditions
Exposure to paints, asbestos, fuels etc. used in manufacturing jobs ➡ ⇧ risk of burns and respiratory diseases

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What does ‘Urban design and Infrastructure refer to AND what are some examples?

Relates to the features and structures of the suburbs, towns, regions and cities in which people live. Includes both the geographic location of resources and infrastructure.

Examples include:
- Healthcare
- Public transport
- Nutritious food outlets + Fast food outlets
- Roads 
- Safe water and sanitation
etc.

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What are Climate and Climate change?

Climate = Long-term pattern of weather
○ Australia: Driest climate = ⇧ risk of bushfires

Climate change = Changes in the environmental conditions
○ Extreme temperatures
○ Rising sea levels

What are some examples of how Urban design and Infrastructure can become a risk factor for different conditions?

Nutritious food outlets
Limited variety of food outlets (e.g. supermarkets) ➡ ⇩ nutritious food intake =
⇧ intake of cheap, processed food = ⇧ rates of CVD, obesity

Poor quality roads = ⇧ risk of injury

Recreational facilities
Don’t have any or are unable to access ➡ Not able to regularly stay active = ⇧ rates of CVD, Obesity

What are some examples of how Climate and Climate change can become a risk factors for different conditions?

Increased temperatures ➡ Cause flood = ⇧ reproduction of mosquitoes = ⇧ vector bone diseases

Excess water due to floods ➡ Destruction of crops = Lack/shortages of food = ⇧ malnutrition

What is Socioeconomic status or SES?

Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to a person’s position in society relative to other people based on three factors ➡ income, occupation and education

How can SES become a risk factors for different conditions?

High SES ➡ ⇧ income = ⇧ access to variety of nutritious foods = ⇩ rates of Obesity, CVD etc.

Low SES ➡ ⇩ levels of education = ⇩ health literacy - not able to understand relevant health info = ⇧ mortality and morbidity rates of different conditions

What is Unemployment?

A situation where a person isn’t working OR is unable to find work

How can Unemployment become a risk factors for different conditions?

Long term unemployment ➡ ⇧ financial stress + anxiety: Can they afford basic resources? = ⇧ Mental health conditions = ⇧ morbidity rates

What are Social connections AND What is social exclusion?

Social connection ○ Bonds between a person and their family, friends, relations etc. and their ability to adequately participate in society. Social exclusion ○ The segregation that people experience, not being able to adequately participate in society

How can Social connections and Social exclusion become a risk for different conditions?

Positive social connections ➡ Promotes overall h+wb = ⇩ morbidity rates and ⇧ life expectancy

What is Social isolation

``` Social isolation refers to not being in regular contact with others. Can be due to: ○ Geographic location ○ Disability + illness ○ Lack of transport ○ Communication barriers ```

How can Social isolation become a risk factor for different conditions?

Social isolation due to remote areas ➡ ⇩ access to resources = ⇧ stress + anxiety = ⇧ mental conditions - ⇧ morbidity Social isolation ➡ ⇧ feelings of loneliness = ⇧ mental health conditions - ⇧ morbidity

What are Cultural customs/norms?

Cultural norms relate to the customs, ideas, values and traditions of a particular society that are passed through generations. Includes gender stereotypes, food intake, attitudes, beliefs etc.

How can Cultural norms become a risk factor for different conditions?

Gender stereotypes Males and the 'MACHO' culture = ⇩ willingness to access healthcare = ⇧ in conditions going untreated and undiagnosed = ⇧ mortality and morbidity rates

What is Food security?

Refers to the state in which all people can obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through non-emergency resources. QUALITY, AVAILABILITY and AFFORDABILITY of food supply

How can Food security become a risk factor for different conditions?

Food shortages ➡ ⇧ people/families suffering from food insecurity = ⇧ nutritional deficiencies = ⇧ morbidity rates Oversupply ➡ ⇧ risk of overeating = ⇧ Obesity, CVD etc.

What are Early life experiences?

Every person = A product of their past experiences These experiences help to shape each individual, their outlook on life and the behaviours they engage in throughout their lives.

How can Early life experiences become a risk factor for different conditions?

Maternal tobacco, alcohol and drug use ○ ⇧ risk of Low birth weight ○ ⇧ risk of infections ○ ⇧ U5MR

What is Access to healthcare?

Healthcare refers to services that promote and preserve health and wellbeing. These services diagnose, treat and/or manage disease and injury. Aspects that can affect access include: ○ Geographic location ○ Lack of health literacy ○ Affordibility

How can Access to healthcare become a risk factor for different conditions? HINT ➼ Simple response, not too detailed

Relevant services aren't being accessed when needed = ⇧ mortality and morbidity rates for a range of conditions

What are the variations in health status between males and females?

MALES ○ ⇩ Life expectancy (4-5 years) ○ ⇧ rates of Type 2 diabetes ○ ⇧ rates of CVD, injuries (suicide, violence, road trauma) ○ ⇩ rates of Osteoporosis ○ ⇩ rates of mental and behavioural problems

What are the BIOLOGICAL factors that contribute to these variations in health status for males?

- ⇧ rates of Overweight and Obesity - ⇧ rates of Hypertension + Blood pressure - Genetics: Hormones - Higher levels of Testosterone

What are the SOCIOCULTURAL factors that contribute to these variations in health status for males?

- Cultural influences 'MACHO' - ⇧ impact on males when they're unemployed - Peer pressure - Tradition gender roles ➡ Playing contact sports ➡ Working physically laborious jobs

What are the ENVIRONMENTAL factors that contribute to these variations in health status for males?

- Often work in more dangerous environments ➡ Exposure to UV rays ➡ Exposure to heavy equipment ➡ Spend more time on the roads

What are the variations in health status between those w/ High SES and those w/ Low SES?

``` Low SES ○ ⇩ Life expectancy (3 years less) ○ ⇧ infant mortality ○ ⇧ rates of heart disease and stroke ○ ⇧ rates of mental and behavioural problems ○ ⇧ prevalence of lung cancer ```

What are the ENVIRONMENTAL factors that contribute to these variations in health status for those w/ Low SES?

- Closer proximity to fast food outlets - Poorer quality housing = includes environmental tobacco smoke - Neighbourhood safety = Living in fear?

What are the SOCIOCULTURAL factors that contribute to these variations in health status for those w/ Low SES?

○ ⇩ levels of health literacy ○ ⇧ rates of social exclusion ○ Early life experiences: smoking whilst pregnant ○ Less likely to access healthcare ($$)

What are the BIOLOGICAL factors that contribute to these variations in health status for those w/ Low SES?

○ ⇧ rates of Obesity ○ ⇧ rates of Hypertensuon ○ ⇧ rates of Low birth weight babies