Unit 3: Section 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is the functional group of a molecule

Answer 1

The group of molecules that’s responsible for its characteristic reactions

Question 2

What are the functional groups of alcohols, carboxylic acids and alkenes

Answer 2

-OH = alchohols
-COOH = carboxylic acids
C=C = alkenes

Question 3

How many bonds does carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms have

Answer 3

Carbon = four bonds
Hydrogen = one bond
Oxygen = two bonds

Question 4

What do molecular formulas give you

Answer 4

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

Question 5

What do structural formulas give you

Answer 5

The atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens and functional groups

Question 6

What is a general formula

Answer 6

An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

Question 7

What is a homologous series

Answer 7

A family of compounds that have the same functional group and general formula

Question 8

What is skeletal formula

Answer 8

You don’t show the carbon or hydrogen bonds but you just write down the elements that isn’t any of those two elements

Question 9

What is the general formula for alkanes

Answer 9

CnH2n+2

Question 10

What do alkanes consist of

Answer 10

Exclusively carbon and hydrogen

Question 11

What is a halogenoalkanes

Answer 11

An alkane but one of the hydrogens are replaced by a halogen

Question 12

What is the prefix for halogenoalkanes

Answer 12

Fluoro-
Chloro-
Bromo-
Iodo-

Question 13

What is a cycloalkane

Answer 13

Have a ring of carbons with two hydrogen attached to each one

Question 14

What is the general formula for cycloalkane

Answer 14

CnH2n

Question 15

What is a branched alkane

Answer 15

An alkane that doesn’t have all the carbon atoms in one straight chain

Question 16

What are the branched carbons in a branched alkane called

Answer 16

Alkyl groups

Question 17

What is an alkene

Answer 17

A hydrocarbon with a double double carbon bond

Question 18

What is the general formula for alkenes

Answer 18

CnH2n

Question 19

Why are alkenes reactive

Answer 19

Because they only have 3 bonds so they can form another bond to become saturated

Question 20

What are alcohols

Answer 20

Organic molecules that contain the -OH functional group

Question 21

What is the general formula for alcohols

Answer 21

CnH2n+1OH

Question 22

What is an aldehyde

Answer 22

One of the end carbons has a double bond to an oxygen atom and single bond to a hydrogen atom

Question 23

What is the suffix for aldehydes

Answer 23

-al (e.g. propanal)

Question 24

What is the general formula for aldehydes

Answer 24

R-CHO

Question 25

What is a ketone

Answer 25

Where one of the carbon atoms (not the one on the ends) have a double bond with an oxygen atom

Question 26

What is the general formula for a ketone

Answer 26

R-CO-R

Question 27

What is the suffix for alkanes

Answer 27

-ane (e.g. pentane)

Question 28

What is the name of this compound

Answer 28

Longest continous chain of carbons is 4 so it is butane One side chain of carbon it's a methyl group It's joined to the 2nd carbon on the chain so it's a 2-methyl group 2-methylbutane

Question 29

If there are 2 methyl groups attached to different carbons in the stem what is that called

Answer 29

Dimethyl

Question 30

If a cyclo group's carbon ring has 5 carbons what do you call it

Answer 30

Cyclopentane

Question 31

What is the name of this compound

Answer 31

There is a double bond so it's an alkene the double bond is on the first carbon so it's but-1-ene

Question 32

What are the list of the functional groups in order of lowest priority to highest prority

Answer 32

Halogens Alkyl groups Alkenes Other functionol groups

Question 33

What are mechanisms

Answer 33

They break reactions down into a sequence of stages

Question 34

What do curly arrows do

Answer 34

The arrow starts at the bond or lone pair where the electrons are at the beginning of the step The arrow points to where the new bond is formed at the end of the step

Question 35

What is a structural isomer

Answer 35

Have the same molecular formula, but a different structural formula

Question 36

What are three types of structural isomers

Answer 36

Chain isomers Position isomers Functional group isomers

Question 37

What are chain isomers

Answer 37

Have the same functional groups but different arrangements of the carbon skeleton

Question 38

What are position isomers

Answer 38

Have the same skeleton and the same atoms but the atoms or groups of atoms are attached to different carbon atoms

Question 39

What is a functional group isomer

Answer 39

Have the same molecular formula but different functional groups

Question 40

What is a stereoisomer

Answer 40

Have the same structural formula but their atoms are arranged differently in space

Question 41

What are the two types of stereoisomer

Answer 41

E isomer Z isomer

Question 42

Where are E/Z isomers found

Answer 42

In compounds with carbon carbon double bonds

Question 43

What is the rotation like in a carbon carbon double bond

Answer 43

There is no rotation

Question 44

What is an E-isomer

Answer 44

The two highest priority bonds are on the different levels of the molecule

Question 45

What is a Z-isomer

Answer 45

The two highest prority bonds are on the same levels of the molecule

Question 46

How do you assign prority to an atoms bonded to a C=C

Answer 46

The atom with the higher atomic number on each carbon is given the higher priority

Question 47

What are geometric isomers

Answer 47

Molecules that have the same structural formula but have a different arrangement around a non-rotational bond

Question 48

What are optical isomers

Answer 48

Molecules that have the same structural formula but have a different arrangement of atoms around chiral carbons or have a non-superimposable mirror image

Question 49

What is an enantiomer

Answer 49

One of a pair of optical isomers

Question 50

What is a racemic mixture

Answer 50

A 50:50 mix of enantiomers

Question 51

What is a chiral molecule

Answer 51

A molecule with no plane of symmetry

Question 52

What is a chiral carbon

Answer 52

A carbon atom with four different atoms or groups attached

Question 53

What does optically active mean and what type of compound does it apply to

Answer 53

Can affect the orientation of light Applies to chiral compounds

Question 54

What is the test for optical isomers

Answer 54

To shine plane polarised light that will be rotated in equal and opposite directions by each enantiomer The rotation is measured by a polarimeter

Question 55

What happens if you test racemic mixtures for optical isomers

Answer 55

Will not rotate as each enantiomer will rotate plane polarised light in equal and opposite directions

Question 56

What is the equation for initiation

Answer 56

Cl2 -> 2∙Cl

Question 57

What is the general formula for alkyl groups

Answer 57

CnH2n+1

Question 58

What is an alkyl group

Answer 58

An alkane missing one hydrogen