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NSC 201 > Unit 3: Sensory and Motor Systems > Flashcards

Unit 3: Sensory and Motor Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Related to the physical interaction of a stimulus with a sensory receptor

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2
Q

Perception

A

Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensation

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3
Q

2 different ways to think of light

A
  1. Particles of energy (photons) 2. Waves
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4
Q

What wavelength can humans see visible light?

A

380-760nm

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5
Q

Wavelength corresponds to…

A

Color

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6
Q

Intensity corresponds to…

A

Brightness

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7
Q

Cornea

A

Primary refractive element, stronger of 2 lenses (most curvature, does 2/3 of work)

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8
Q

Iris

A

Double-shaped band of contractile tissue that gives eye its color and regulates amount of light entering eye via pupil

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9
Q

Lens

A

Secondary refractive element (for near vision: “accommodation”-meaning the process of adjusting the lens)

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10
Q

Retina

A

Epithelial tissue upon which image is projected, containing photoreceptors and associated neuronal circuitry

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11
Q

Extra-ocular muscles

A

(Horizontal, vertical, and oblique pairs) control eye movements: 1. Voluntary- saccadic and smooth pursuit
2. Reflexive- image stabilization re head movements

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12
Q

Accomodation

A

The process of adjusting the lens

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13
Q

What kind of lens do far objects focus on?

A

Flat lens

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14
Q

What kind of lens do near objects focus on?

A

Fat lens

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15
Q

5 layers (front to back) in retina

A
  1. Retinal ganglion cells 2. Amacrine cells 3. Bipolar cells 4. Horizontal cells 5. Photoreceptors
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16
Q

What muscles alter the shape of the lens?

A

Ciliary muscles

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17
Q

Optic disk

A

“Blind spot”, exit point for optic nerve (axons of retinal ganglion cells)

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18
Q

Completion

A

Visual system “fills in” the blind spot based on information from the eye or surrounding detail

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19
Q

Scotopic vision

A

Rods, high sensitivity (nighttime), low acuity (high convergence), no color, rods are more sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light

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20
Q

Photopic vision

A

Cones, low sensitivity (daytime), high acuity (low convergence), color, cones are more sensitive to longer wavelengths of light

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21
Q

3 types of cones in retina

A
  1. Red- most sensitive to long wavelengths (L)
  2. Green- sensitive to mid-range of wavelengths (M)
  3. Blue- sensitive to short wavelengths (S)
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22
Q

Why are there few blue types of cones in humans?

A

Lens focuses longer wavelengths of light onto the retina and blue is sensitive to short wavelengths

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23
Q

Photopigments consist of what 2 components?

A
  1. Retinal 2. Opsin
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24
Q

Retinal

A

A small molecule derived from Vitamin A that changes shape as it absorbs light

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25
Opsin
A protein which determines the spectrum of photons captured
26
Retinotopic
Orderly "space map" of contralateral visual hemi-field in each layer of LGN
27
M cells are in what layers of LGN?
Layers 1 and 2
28
P cells are in what layers of LGN?
Layers 3-6
29
What layers are contralateral nasal hemi-retina?
Layers 1,4,6
30
What layers are ipsilateral temporal hemi-retina?
Layers 2,3,5
31
Neuronal ('long") touch receptors of the skin (4)
1. Meissner's corpuscles 2. Merkel's disks 3. Ruffini endings 4. Pacinian corpuscles
32
Meissner
Rapid pressure, light touch, stroke
33
Merkel
Slow pressure, touch, fine spacial details
34
Ruffini
Slow pressure, stretch, finger position
35
Pacinian
Rapid pressure, vibration, strong pressure
36
Muscle spindles
In parallel with muscle fibers, signal muscle length
37
Golgi tendon organs
In series with muscle fibers, signal muscle tension
38
FLASHCARDS
https://quizlet.com/57308160/somatosensory-system-flash-cards/
39
2 structures in vestibular system
1. Semicircular canals 2. Otolith organs
40
Semicircular canals
Detect turning movements of head, angular acceleration (rapid adaption), paired with another on opposite side of head, creates "push-pull" motion
41
Otolith organs
Sense changes of head angle (position of head), sensitive to gravity and linear acceleration
42
2 streams from SI
1. Dorsal stream from SI to posterior parietal cortex: direct attention 2. Ventral stream through SII (bilateral) to prefrontal: perception of object shape
43
Taste
Sensations relayed by taste receptor cells in the oral cavity, 5 basic tastes
44
Flavor
Depends on both taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction)
45
5 basic tastes
1. Sweet- non-ionic 2. Salty- ionic 3. Sour-ionic 4. Bitter-non-ionic 5. Umami-non-ionic
46
Taste bud accessory structures (papillae) (3)
1. Vallate 2. Foliate 3. Fungiform
47
How many taste buds and taste cells do humans have?
TB: 2000-5000 | Taste cells: 50-100 per TB
48
Direct transduction in taste
Salty & sour
49
Indirect transduction in taste
Sweet, bitter, umami
50
Apraxia
Damage in PPAC, inability to make a requested movement, can't form intent
51
3 major areas of secondary motor cortex
1. Premotor 2. Supplementary 3. Cingulate
52
Intrinsic Space Hypothesis
M1 controls muscles, movement dynamics like force, position, and velocity
53
Extrinsic Space Hypothesis
M1 controls movement, higher level, abstract kinematic aspects of movement like speed, range, and direction
54
PPAC function
Stimulation gives intent to perform action
55
DLPFAC function
Forms a plan to move, anticipates consequence
56
Secondary motor cortex function
Makes specific set of instructions from general plan
57
Primary motor cortex function
Execution of movement
58
2 major cortical loops
1. Through basal ganglia and secondary motor cortex: selects and initiates action 2. Through cerebellum and primary motor cortex: modulates and sequences muscle contractions while a movement is in progress
59
Basal ganglia parts (4)
1. Striatum (caudate & putamen) 2. Global pallidus (external and internal) 3. Subthalamic nucleus 4. Substantia nigra
60
Basal ganglia pathways (2)
1. Direct: excitation Facilitates motor (or cognitive) programs in the cerebral cortex that are adaptive for the present task 2. Indirect/hyper-direct: inhibition Inhibits the execution of competing motor programs
61
Parkinson's disease
Favors D2 (no voter), indirect
62
Huntington's disease
Favors D1 (yes voter), direct
63
Parts of cerebellum (2)
1. Cerebellar cortex: lobes, lobules, vermis (midline), lateral hemispheres 2. Cerebellar nuclei: communicates cerebellar cortical output to other brain centers like motor cortex, descending motor pathways, and vestibular nuclei
64
Function of motor loop through cerebellum (3)
1. To modulate and sequence muscle contractions for voluntary movements. 2. To evaluate disparities between intention and action. 3. To correct output of cortical and subcortical motor systems while movement is in progress.
65
Cerebellar disorders (3)
1. Ataxia 2. Asynergia 3. Dysmetria
66
Ataxia
Intention tremor, disturbances in rate and regularity of alternating movements
67
Asynergia
Prolonged reaction times, "decomposition" of multi-joint movements
68
Dysmetria
Undershoot or overshoot of movements toward objects
69
Descending motor pathways (4)
Dorsolateral tracts: **Grey matter touches spinal cord, makes H, butterfly shape 1. Corticospinal (direct) 2. Corticorubospinal Ventromedial: 1. Corticospinal (direct) 2. Cortico-brainstem-spinal
70
Dorsolateral tracts
``` -one direct tract, one that synapses in the brain stem -terminate in one contralateral spinal cord segment -distal muscles -limb movements ```
71
Ventromedial tracts
``` -one direct tract, one that synapses in the brain stem -terminate in multiple, bilateral spinal cord segments -proximal muscles -posture and whole body movements ```

NSC 201 (5 decks)

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