Final Exam (material from previous tests) Flashcards
1
Q
Microglia
A
Digest damaged neurons and infectious agents
2
Q
Oligodendrocytes
A
Provide myelin in CNS
3
Q
Retrograde
A
Terminal –> soma (dynein)
4
Q
Anterograde
A
Soma–> terminal (kinesin)
5
Q
RNA splicing
A
Removes noncoding regions from genes
6
Q
Where do proteins synthesized in free ribosome go to?
A
Cytosol
7
Q
Pontine nuclei
A
Sends input to primary motor cortex –> cerebellum
8
Q
Ventral lateral nucleus
A
Cerebellum provides indirect input back to motor cortex via VLN of thalamus
9
Q
Excitatory cells
A
Pyramidal, spiny, radial
10
Q
Inhibitory cells
A
GABAgeric, aspinous, tangential
11
Q
Neuron Doctrine
A
Neurons are separate, distinct entities
Proof: Use of electron microscope
12
Q
Difference between dendrites and axons
A
- Branches (angles) 2. Length 3. Protein synthesis or not 4. Myelin or not
13
Q
4 ways CNS is protected
A
- Bones 2. Meninges 3. Spinal fluid 4. Blood barrier
14
Q
Fiber tract types
A
Association, commisural, projection
15
Q
Golgi apparatus
A
Directs proteins to be inserted into cell membrane around membrane
16
Q
Microtubules
A
Dynamically regulated (assembled and disassembled)
17
Q
Initial site of protein synthesis
A
Free ribosomes
18
Q
Atypical site of protein synthesis
A
Dendrite
19
Q
Organized in dermatomes
A
Somatic
20
Q
Contains a ventricular system
A
Central
21
Q
Cranial nerves
A
Peripheral
22
Q
Thoracic efferents to smooth muscles
A
Sympathetic
23
Q
Exhibits ipsilateral control of sensory and skeletal motor systems
A
Spinal cord
24
Q
LGN (location and function)
A
Diencephalon, vision
25
Pontine nucleus (location and function)
Metencephalon, motor
26
Periaqueductal gray (location and function)
Mesencephalon, pain
27
Inferior olive
Myelencephalon, motor
28
Induces formation of floor plate
SHH
29
Governs fate of gliogenic stem cells
Notch
30
Promotes aggregation of structures in anterior half of cerebrum
pax6
31
Diffusible repellant of axons in spinal cord
Slit
32
Antagonizes induction of neural plate
BMP
33
Causes cell-to-cell contact repulsion of growth cones
Ephrin
34
Promotes columnar organization of neocortex
Semaphorin-3A
35
Promotes formation of synapses
Agrin
36
Promotes differentiation of sensory neurons in PNS
Wnt
37
Membrane conductance
Proportional to resting ion channel density, limits flow across membrane
38
Membrane capacitance
Created by phospholipid bilayer which separates and stores charge, affects how fast membrane potential changes when ion channels open
39
Biogenic amines and neuropeptides stored in...
Dense-core vesicles
40
Nicotonic vs metabotropic cholinergic
Nicotinic: PNS
Metabotropic: CNS
41
Immunocytochemistry
Identify candidate NT molecule
42
Optogenetics
Induce NT release from target cell population
43
How is histamine inactivated?
Uptake by glial cells
44
How does myelin allow for faster conduction of an AP?
Myelin decreases the spatial density of voltage-gated ion channels
45
Advantages of chemical over electrical communication among neurons
Plastic, summation, can be graded (excitatory or inhibitory)
46
Types of ion channels
1. Leakage 2. Ligand-gated 3. Voltage-gated 4. Ligand-voltage gated 5. Mechanical
47
4 criteria for chemical to be considered NT
1. Synthesized and stored in terminal 2. Released and produces effects on post-synaptic neuron 3. Synaptic mimicry 4. Removal from cleft
48
3 types of excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
1. Fast- ionotropic 2. Slow-metabotropic (GBY) 3. Slowest-metabotropic (G-alpha)
49
2 step process of NT release
1. Reuptake into presynaptic cell 2. Repackaging into vesicles
50
Dopamine (location and function)
Ventral tegmental area, arousal
51
Acetylcholine (location and function)
Pendunculopontine nucleus, memory
52
Histamine (location and function)
Tuberomamillary nucleus, arousal
53
NE (location and function)
Locus coeruleus, attention
54
Serotonin (location and function)
Raphe nuclei, appetite
55
Monoamine oxidase
Mitchondria
56
Histamine receptors
Dendrite
57
Glutamic acid decarboxylase
Axon terminal
58
Voltage-gated sodium channels
Axon hillock
59
Metabotropic glutatmate autoreceptors
Axon terminal
60
Inhibitory interneurons in spinal cord
Glycinergic
61
Time constant
Summation (temporal) of PSPs at site of synapse
62
IPSPs are caused by net ________currents
Outward
63
Rate limiting step in indolamine synthesis
Tryptophan
64
Selectivity filter established by _____ loops of channel proteins
Inhibitory
65
Location of sound computed in...
Superior olive, dorsal stream
66
Identity of sound computed in...
Pitch center, ventral stream
67
4 touch receptors
1. Meissner- light, rapid
2. Merkel- slow, fine spatial
3. Ruffini-slow, finger position
4. Pacinian-rapid, strong pressure
68
Cerebellum receives motor input from...via ___ peduncle
Pontine nuclei, middle
69
Cerebellum receives sensory input from...via ___ peduncle
Inferior olive, inferior
70
What 2 sense is lateral inhibition in?
Vision and olfactory
71
Parkinson's
D2 (no voter) takes over, indirect
72
Huntington's
D1 (yes voter) takes over, direct
73
Adaptation
Change over time (usually decrease) in firing rate to constant stimulus (ex: somatosensory, visual, olfactory)
74
Push-pull systems
Pair of cells show opposite responses to same stimuli (ex: visual, somatosensory, auditory)
75
2 main inputs that drive sensorimotor system
1. Dorsal stream (where), inputs to PPC 2. Ventral (what), inputs to VLPC
76
What senses are distorted?
Visual (fovea), sensory and motor (hands and face)
77
Labeled line senses
Visual, auditory, somatosensory
78
Population code senses
Gustatory, olfaction, motor
79
Gustation (location in thalamus & target lobe)
Ventral posterior, parietal
80
Audition (location in thalamus & target lobe)
Medial geniculate, temporal
81
Olfaction (location in thalamus & target lobe)
Dorsomedial, frontal
82
Proprioception (location in thalamus & target lobe)
Ventral posterior, parietal
83
Motor coordination (location in thalamus & target lobe)
Ventral lateral, frontal
84
Dorsal Column Medial Lemiscus
Touch and muscle/joints, ascending
85
Anterolateral System
Pain and temperature, ascending
86
Dorsolateral tracts
Corticospinal, corticorubrospinal, face, arms, legs, descending
87
Ventromedial tracts
Corticospinal, cortico-brainstem, waist
88
Striatum
Selects a specific set of instructions
89
Extrafusal fiber
Contracts muscle
90
Gamma motor neuron
Monitors muscle length
91
Red nucleus
Issues/executes motor commands
92
Posterior parietal cortex
Forms intent to move
93
Low frequency in cochlea
Apex
94
Lens becomes _____ for near vision
Round
95
Innervation ratio in motor units
High: proximal
Low: Distal
