Unit 3 Stress Chapter 10

Question 1

Does everyone experience stress?

A. No
B. Yes

Answer 1

B. Yes

Question 2

What is Distress?

Answer 2

He labeled negative stress as distress (

stress that is beyond the ability of the affected person to cope with or adapt to effectively), which can cause physical illness or emotional dysfunction.

is a negative, draining energy that results in anxiety, depression, confusion, helplessness, hopelessness, and fatigue.
Stressors such as a death in the family, financial over- load, or school/work demands may cause distress.

Question 3

Examples of Distress

Answer 3

Stressors such as a
“death in the family”
, “financial over-load”, or “school/work demands may cause distress”

Question 4

What is Eustress

Answer 4

He identified positive stress as eustress (motivational stress), which is associated with effective coping and adaptation. Eustress is thought to be essential for normal growth and development.

Question 5

Examples of Eustress

Answer 5

Examples of eustress are a much-needed vacation,
“playing a favorite sport,”
“the birth of a baby”, or the “challenge of a new job.”

Question 6

Can stress trigger autoimmune diseases?

A. Yes
B. no

Answer 6

A. Yes

Severe stress is unhealthy - Weaken biological resistance to psychiatric disorders

Question 7

What is Adverse Childhood Experiences?

Answer 7

*In fact, early exposure to stressful events actually sensitizes people to stress in later life.

*These early exposures are referred to as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and include the following:

• Any form of psychological, physical, and sexual abuse
• Violence against a parent, particularly the mother

-Living with people who have substance use disorders, have mental illness, or were ever incarcerated.

Question 8

Nurses Role when a patient is reliving stress..

Answer 8

The nurse’s role is to intervene to reduce stress by promoting..

*a healing environment, (safe environment Milieu)
*facilitating successful coping,
*developing future coping strategies.

Question 9

Example of stressors and dealing with a psychiatric disorder

Answer 9

While an understanding of the connection between stress and mental illness is essential in the psychiatric setting, it is also important when caring for any patient, in any setting, with any condition.

“Imagine having an appendectomy and being served with an eviction notice on the same day. How well could you cope with either situation, let alone both simultaneously”

Question 10

What is the fight or flight response?

Answer 10

The well-known fight- or-flight response is the body’s way of preparing for a situation an individual perceives as a threat. This response results in increased blood pressure, heart rate, respirations, and cardiac output.

Question 11

What are the stages of General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 11

• Alarm-fight or flight
• Resistance-coping or recovery
• Exhaustion- chronic stress , can induce physical or mental disorders or disease.

Question 12

Alarm Stage

Answer 12

The alarm stage is the initial, brief, and adaptive response (fight or flight) to the stressor.

Question 13

Effects(Physiologic) of the Alarm Stage(SNS)

Answer 13

High Blood Pressure
High Blood Sugar
High Heart Rate
High Respiratory
High Cortisol levels
Pupil Dilation
Digestion is decreased
Hearing become sharper
Dry mouth
Low GI activity
Hypoactive Bowel sounds

Question 14

Which of the following is true about the Alarm Stage?

A. The alarm physiological response is pupil constriction.
B. The alarm physiological response is hypothermia.
C. The alarm stage is connected to the parasympathetic response.
D. The alarm stage is a brief response to stress.

Answer 14

D. The alarm stage is a brief response to stress

The alarm stage is extremely intense, and no organism can sustain this level of reactivity and excitement for long.

The alarm stage is the initial, brief, and adaptive response (fight or flight) to the stressor.

Question 15

Resistance Stage

Answer 15

The resistance stage could also be called the adaptation stage because it is during this time that sustained and optimal resistance to the stressor occurs.

ADAPTION-
*Recover
*Repair
*Renewal may occur

use of coping skills

At this point, individuals have used up valuable resources and have reduced defenses and adaptive energy.

Question 16

Effects (Physiologic) Resistance Stage(PNS)

Answer 16

REST AND DIGEST

Contricted Pupils
Relaxes bronchi
Stimulates Salivation
Decreased heart rate
Hyperactive Bowel sounds
Stimulates Digestions
Decreased cortisol_decreased stress hormone
Contacts bladder
Relaxes rectum

Question 17

Exhaustion Stage

Answer 17

CHRONIC STRESS
INABILITY TO COPE WITH STRESS

The exhaustion stage occurs when attempts to resist the stressor prove futile.

At this point, resources are depleted and the stress may become chronic.

The impact of long-term overexposure to cortisol results in vulnerability to stress- related illnesses.

These illnesses include anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, sleep disorders, digestive problems, heart disease, and weight gain.

Question 18

Which of the following stages of GAS, are individuals more susceptible to Illnesses?

A. Alarm
B. Resistance
C. Exhaustion

Answer 18

C. Exhaustion

The impact of long-term overexposure to cortisol results in vulnerability to stress- related illnesses.

These illnesses include anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, sleep disorders, digestive problems, heart disease, and weight gain.

Question 19

What is an example of physiologic stressors?

A. extreme heat
B. Apetite
C.debt
D.love

Answer 19

A. extreme heat

Physiological stressors include environmental conditions such as trauma and
*excessive cold or heat, and physical conditions such as *infection,
*hemorrhage,
*hunger, and
*pain.

Question 20

What is an example of psychological stressors?

A. extreme heat
B. Apetite
C.debt
D.love

Answer 20

C.debt

Psychological stressors include such events as
* divorce,
*loss of a job,
*unmanageable debt,
*the death of a loved one, *retirement,

Question 21

What is the #1 stressor?
A. Death of spouse
B. Death of Family
C. Divorce
D. Job layoff or fire

Answer 21

A. Death of spouse

Question 22

Perceptions of Stress, example

Answer 22

Have you ever noticed that something that upsets your friend does not bother you at all? Or that your professor’s habit of con- tinuing to teach beyond the scheduled class time drives you up a wall, yet (to your annoyance) your best friend does not seem to notice? It is not always the stressor itself that determines a response but the perception of the stressor that determines the person’s emotional and psychological reactions to it.

Question 23

What are things that affect your Perception?

Answer 23

*age,
*gender,
*culture,
*life experience,
*and lifestyle

Question 24

Temperament

Answer 24

As mentioned earlier, part of the response to stressors is based on our own individual perceptions. These perceptions are col- ored by a variety of factors, including genetic structure and vulnerability, childhood experiences, coping strategies, and personal outlook on life and the world. All these factors com- bine to form a unique personality with specific strengths and vulnerabilities.

Question 25

Benefits of Social Support

Answer 25

"Strong family is protective factor in mental illness' Strong social support from significant others can enhance mental and physical health and act as a substantial buffer against distress. A shared identity—whether with a family, social network, religious group, or colleagues—helps people overcome stressors more adaptively. Researchers have found a strong correlation between intact support systems and lower mortality rates (Cruces et al., 2014). People, and even animals, without social companion- ship have higher rates of illness and even risk early death.

Question 26

Benefits of Support group

Answer 26

The proliferation of self-help groups attests to the need for social supports. Many of the support groups currently avail- able are for people going through similar stressful life events: Alcoholics Anonymous (the prototype for 12-step pro- grams), Gamblers Anonymous, Reach for Recovery (for can- cer patients), and Parents Without Partners. Online support groups provide cost-effective, anonymous, and easily acces- sible self-help for people with every disorder imaginable. A Google search for online + support + groups yielded more than one billion hits.

Question 27

Which culture is more likely to experience somatic symptoms of stress A. Americans B. Asians C. Antarticans D.Caribbean

Answer 27

B. Asians An overwhelming majority of Asians, Africans, and Central Americans tend to express distress in somatic terms and actually experience it physically. Somatic Pain:cramping internal pain in bone and muscle

Question 28

Spirituality and Religion

Answer 28

Spirituality and religious affiliation help people cope with stress.

Question 29

Effective Stress Busters, things that reduce stress

Answer 29

Sleep * 7–9 h of sleep is recommended. * Try going to sleep 30–60 min early each night for a few weeks. * Sleeping later in the morning is not helpful and can disrupt body rhythms. * Invest in a tracker that can monitor sleep and make adjustments based on the data it provides. Exercise (Aerobic) * 150 min a week (about 20 min a day) of moderate-intensity aerobic activity such as walking is recommended. * Reduces chronic and acute stress * Decreases levels of anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress * Decreases muscle tension and increases endorphin levels * Exercise at least 3 h before bedtime to prevent sleep disruption Reduction or Cessation of Caffeine Intake * No more than four cups of coffee or colas are recommended for anyone. * Overuse or sensitivity may cause insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, irritability, stomach upset, rapid heartbeat, muscle tremors, and shaki- ness. * Slowly wean off coffee, tea, colas, and chocolate drinks. Music * Listening to familiar music promotes relaxation. * Rates of healing may be improved with music. * Music can decrease agitation and confusion in older adults. * Quality of life in hospice settings is enhanced by music. Pets * Can bring joy and reduce stress * May provide real social support * Alleviate medical problems aggravated by stress Massage * Slows the heart rate and relaxes the body * Improves alertness by reducing anxiety

Question 30

Different Coping Styles

Answer 30

People cope with life stressors in a variety of ways, and a num- ber of factors can act as effective mediators to decrease stress in our lives. Four personal attributes, or coping styles, that people can develop to help manage stress include: 1. Health-sustaining habits (e.g., medical adherence, proper diet, relaxation, pacing one’s energy) 2. Life satisfaction (e.g., work, family, hobbies, humor, spiritual solace, arts, nature) 3. Social support 4. Effective and healthy responses to stress

Question 31

Which tool is used to measure stress? A. Recent Life Changes Questionnaire B. Glascow Coma C. Global Deterioration Scale D.Substance Involvement Screening Test

Answer 31

A. Recent Life Changes Questionnaire assess your stress level for the past 6 or 12 months using the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire  Not all events are perceived the same  Culture may dictate whether an event is stressful  Different people have different thresholds

Question 32

Relaxtion Techniques

Answer 32

Biofeedback Deep breathing exercises Guided imagery- focus on pleasant images than disorders. Progressive Relaxation-relax muscle contractions Meditation

Question 33

Biofeedback

Answer 33

-anythingyou can see you can change A nurse or other health professional trained in this method uses a sensitive mechanical device to assist the client to gain voluntary control of such autonomic functions as heart rate and blood pressure. Involves using visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions  The goal is to make subtle changes to the body that result in a desired effect.  Ex: Relaxing certain muscles or deep breathing exercises with the outcome of reducing HR or lowering BP.

Question 34

Reducing Stress Distress

Answer 34

Physical Exercise-Physical exercise can lead to protection from the harm- ful effects of stress on both physical and mental states. Researchers have been particularly interested in the influ- ence exercise has over major depressive disorder."go for a walk to cool off" Cognitive Reframing- changing the way you think The goal of cognitive reframing (also known as cognitive restructuring) is to change an individual’s perceptions of stress by reassessing a situation and replacing irra- tional beliefs. For example, the thought “I can’t pass this course” is replaced with a more positive self-statement, “If I choose to study for this course, I will increase my chances of success.” -* “What positive things came out of this situation or experi- ence?” * “What did I learn in this situation?” * “What would I do differently?” Journaling-Writing in a journal, or journaling, is an extremely useful and surprisingly simple method of identifying stressors. It is a technique that can ease worry and obsession, help identify hopes and fears, increase energy levels and confidence, and facilitate the grieving process. Keeping an informal diary of daily events and activities can reveal surprising information on sources of daily stress. Humor- The use of humor as a cognitive approach is a good example of how a stressful situation can be “turned upside down.” The intensity attached to a stressful thought or situation can be dis- sipated when it is made to appear absurd or comical. Essentially, the bee loses its sting. "laughter is good for the soul"

Question 35

Progression relaxation

Answer 35

The premise behind progressive relaxation is that because anxiety results in tense muscles, one way to decrease anxiety is to relax muscle contraction. This is accomplished by deliber- ately tensing groups of muscles (beginning with feet and ending with face or vice versa) as tightly as possible for about 8 seconds and then releasing the tension you have created.

Question 36

Guided imagery

Answer 36

Long before we learn to speak, our experience is based on mental images. With guided imagery, people are taught to focus on pleasant images to replace negative or stressful feelings

Question 37

Mindfulness

Answer 37

Being mindful includes being in the moment by paying attention to what is going on around you—what you are see- ing, feeling, and hearing. Imagine how much you miss during an ordinary walk to class, staring straight ahead as your mind wanders from one concern to the next. You miss the pattern of sunlight filtered through the leaves, the warmth of the sunshine on your skin, and the sounds of birds calling out to one another. By focusing on the here and now, rather than past and future, you are practicing mindfulness.