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Unit 3 Terms - APWH Flashcards

0
Q

Quran

A

Written texts of Muhammad’s teachings
“Recitation”
Home book of Islam

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1
Q

Muhammad

A

Prophet who married a widow and saw visions that he believed were sent by God through Archangel Gabriel.

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2
Q

Hadith

A

Words and deeds of Muhammad

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3
Q

Umma

A

“Community of the faithful”
Community led by Muhammad
Provided relief for widows, orphans, and poor
Daily prayers to Allah

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4
Q

Hijra

A

“Migration”

Muhammad and his followers fled Mecca to Medina

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5
Q

5 Pillars

A

1) Muslims must pray to Allah as their only god and Muhammad as his prophet
2) must pray daily to Allah while facing Mecca
3) must observe a fast during daylight hours in month of Ramadan
4) must contribute alms for relief of weak and poor
5) must undertake Hajj and make one pilgrimage to Mecca

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6
Q

Jihad

A

“Struggle” to defend , usually physically

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7
Q

Sharia

A

Islamic holy law and punishments

Guidance on marriage and family life, inheritance, slavery, crime, ect

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8
Q

Abu Bakr

A

General of Muhammad
Picked by Muhammad friends, served as caliph
Led umma as lieutenants

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9
Q

Ali

A

Cousin and son in law of Muhammad
4th caliph
Enemies killed him and his family

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10
Q

Shia

A

Party that supported Ali and bus descendants as caliphs

Wanted to avenge Ali’s death

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11
Q

Ulama

A

Scholar

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12
Q

Madrasa

A

Higher education (school, university)

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13
Q

Umayyad

A

Dynasty solved problem of succession (richest merchants and alliances)
Ruled the”dar-al-Islam”

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14
Q

Abbasid

A

Allied with Shias and Muslims who weren’t Arabs, dynasty took over after they killed Umayyad
Established Baghdad

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15
Q

Al-Andalus

A

Muslims in Spain

Governors (Umayyad) who refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty

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16
Q

Veiling

A

Women were veiled as a sign of modesty

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17
Q

Sufis

A

Islamic missionaries and mystics (people who asks their own connections)
Very intelligent, helped the poor and people around them

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18
Q

Hajj

A

Muslims make a pilgrimage to Mecca if financially and physically capable

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19
Q

Muslim

A

People of Islamic religion

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20
Q

Sui

A

-

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21
Q

Grand Canal

A

One of worlds largest water projects, connected north and south China
Helped supply and trade rice and other food crops
Built by labor services

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22
Q

Tang Taizong

A

Murdered 2 of his brothers, saw himself as a Confucian ruler (listens to his people) but also a ruthless person
Levied taxes on peasants (2.5%)

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23
Q

Tang Dynasty

A

Tang Taizong (2 emperor) made it bigger, built capital at Chang’an

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24
Tribute
Gifts for tokens of status | Kow tow - ritual in which subordinates bowed before emperors
25
Song Taizu
First song emperor, persuaded his generals to retire early so they wouldn't overthrow him Confucian merit system
26
Equal Field System
Distribution of land to the poor
27
Song Dynasty
-
28
Uighurs
-
29
Wu Zhao
Daughter of scholar official, became wife of Taizong's successor Organized a secret police to watch factions
30
Foot binding
Tight wrapping of feet with cloths and made malformed feet - to control girls' behavior
31
dar al Islam
Under the influence of Islam, education
32
Porcelain
Utensil used as a work of art, became known as chinaware | Mostly used by wealthy families
33
Steel and coke
Chinese craftsmen used coke instead of coal while making metals, iron and steel mostly went into weaponry and agri. tools
34
Gunpowder
Used in bamboo fire lances and eventually made bombs
35
Junk
sailing vessel/ship design
36
Bulkhead
a dividing wall or barrier between compartments in a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle.
37
Rudder
Piece used for steering a boat or a ship
38
Compass
Navigator, "south pointing needle"
39
Flying cash
Merchants deposit goods at one place, draw equivalent of cash at another place in China
40
Paper money
Printed notes that clients could use for merchandise
41
Promissory notes
Pledged payment of given sum of money at a later date
42
Movable type
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43
Printing press
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44
Neo Confucianism
New Confucianism in response to the ideas of Taoism and Buddhism
45
Silla
Dynasty where Tang and Silla agreed Chinese forces withdrew from Korea and Silla king saw the Tang emperor as his overlord; Silla king gave gifts to Chinese emperor, performed kowtow
46
Nara
New capital city, Nara (replica of Tang capital, Chang'an)
47
Japan's decentralization
Clans in Japan had control, they didn't use bureaucracy, valued military and discipline
48
Samurai
Professional warriors of Japan who enforced laws and provided military and police service
49
Shintoism
Religion where Japanese worship and respect their ancestors and deities
50
Harsha
Buddhist King who got the throne at 16, built hospitals and provided medical care, distributed wealth. Spent most of his reign finding alliances then killed soon after, had no heir
51
Mahmud of Ghazni
Leader of Turks in Afghan., built Ghazni into a nice capital, destroyed sites associated with Hinduism and Buddhism, replaced them with Islamic shrines ... Didn't convince people to become Islamic
52
Sultanate of Delhi
Islamic state created by Mahmud's successors, built capital at Delhi, strong army, built mosques, shrines, depended on Hindu kings to carry out policies
53
Chola
Kingdom got wealth from trade, local rulers maintained order and collected taxes, strong navy not a centralized govt.
54
Vijayanagar
"City of victory" Asked sultans of Delhi to expand their power Fell into alliance with Muslims
55
Monsoons
Wind system that brings rainfall and droughts
56
Emporia
Trading centers / warehouses / docks
57
Buddhism
Religion in which you understand suffering and enlightment
58
Vishnu
Preserver of the world, god who watched universe and entered world in human form to resist evil
59
Shiva
God of fertility and destructive deity
60
Conversion to Islam
Some Indians converted to improve their positions in society Lower castes wanted to escape discrimination It rarely happened
61
Bhakti
Cult of love and devotion that tried to erase distinction between Hinduism and Islam
62
Guru Kabir
Bhakti leader and a blind weaver | Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were all one single universal deity
63
Funan
First state to reflect Indian influence Grew wealthy from trade between China and India Water storage, irrigation systems,
64
Srivijaya
Kingdom with powerful navy, levied taxes on ships,
65
Angkor
Kings of Khmers built capital at Angkor Thom, they were Hindus but eventually switched to Buddhism. Archeologists found monuments of both religions, and Thai people invaded the capital
66
Melaka
Lair of pirates, built navy that patrolled waters and protected sea lanes Port levied taxes on value of cargoes Converted to Islam
67
Byzantium
Continuation of Roman Empire
68
Constantinople
Capital of Roman Empire named after Constantine Baths, libraries, museums, churches Ottoman Turks took over it and named it Istanbul (modern day Turkey)
69
Ceasaropapism
The emperor ruled as a secular lord and played a role in ecclesiastical affairs
70
Justinian
Born into a Macedonian peasant family, uncle picked him as an heir, constructed with his wife the Hagia Sophia church (holy wisdom)
71
Justinian's code
Corpus iuris civilis - body of the civil law
72
Theme system
Authority to generals who were responsible for military defense and civil admin. Received appointments from emperor
73
Cyrillic
-
74
Franks
Germanic people Gained popularity when they converted to Christianity Carolingians extended their power
75
Charlemagne
Grandson of Charles Martel Abu-al-Abbas - elephant gift to him Relied on counts (aristocratic deputies)
76
Carolingian
Charles Martel is the founder of the dynasty turned back a Muslim army (Battle of Tours)
77
Missi dominci
"Envoys of The Lord ruler" officials who traveled to all jurisdictions and reviewed accounts of local authorities
78
Vikings
Norse mariners, started settling in France, fleets attacked cities, seiged Paris
79
Peasantry
Free Peasants cultivated land in hopes of improving their families' fortune
80
Feudalism
-
81
Peasants
Male peasants worked 3 days a week, provided labor services | Women churned butter, made cheese, brewed beer, ect.
82
Papacy
the office or authority of the pope.
83
Hagia Sophia
Church built by Justinian and Theodora, it means holy wisdom
84
Gregory I
Pope that organized the defense of Rome, saved the city from Lombards, made sacrament of penance
85
Patriarchs
-
86
Iconoclasm
"Breaking of icons" , people could not pray to pictures of religious figures
87
Asceticism
Disciples built communities, (monasteries)

Biology (2 decks)

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