Unit 3 Topic 5

Question 1

What is an Addition reaction?

Answer 1

An addition reaction is when two reactant molecules join to form one product

Question 2

What is a Substitution reaction?

Answer 2

A substitution reaction is when one or more atoms are substituted between molecules

Question 3

What is an Elimination reaction?

Answer 3

An elimination reaction is when one or more atoms are removed from a molecule, this leaves at least two products

Question 4

What is a Condensation reaction?

Answer 4

A condensation reaction is when two molecules join together, with the loss of a small molecule (usually water)

Question 5

What is a Hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 5

A hydrolysis reaction is when water is used to split a large molecule into two. The H attaches to one part, the OH attaches to the other. This leaves two new smaller molecules

Question 6

What is an Oxidation reaction?

Answer 6

An oxidation reaction is when the oxygen to hydrogen ratio of an organic molecule increases

NOTE: More oxygen/less hydrogen per molecule

Question 7

What is a Reduction reaction?

Answer 7

A reduction reaction is when the oxygen to hydrogen ratio of an organic molecule decreases

1. NOTE: Less oxygen/more hydrogen per molecule

Question 8

What is a Neutralisation reaction?

Answer 8

A neutralisation reaction is when an organic acid is neutralised, producing salt and water.
If the base is a carbonate, carbon dioxide will also be produced

Question 9

What is Bond fission?

Answer 9

Bond fission is when bonds in reactant molecules are broken

Question 10

What is Bond formation?

Answer 10

Bond formation is when new bonds are formed in products

Question 11

What is Homolytic bond fission?

Answer 11

Homolytic bond fission is when a sigma bond is broken evenly so each atom retains one electron from the bond. This happens in a non-polar bond and two neutral radicals are formed

Question 12

What is a Free radical?

Answer 12

A free radical is an atom/molecule that contains an unpaired electron. It has no overall charge as its proton num = electron num

Question 13

What is a Neutral radical?

Answer 13

A neutral radical is a highly reactive radical, it will react with any atom with an unpaired electron. It will also attack another molecule in order to pull an electron from it

Question 14

What is a Propogation reaction?

Answer 14

A propogation reaction is a reaction which keeps a chain reaction going

Question 15

What is a Termination reaction?

Answer 15

A termination reaction is a reaction that removes free radicals from the system without replacing them, this brings the chain reaction to an end

Question 16

What is Heterolytic bond fission?

Answer 16

Heterolytic bond fissioon occurs when a polar covalent bond is broken unevenly, so both electrons from the sigma covalent bond are retained by the more electronegative atom. Resulting in two oppositely charged ions

Question 17

What does a Single headed arrow show?

Answer 17

A single headed arrow shows the movement of a single electron

Question 18

what does a Double headed arrow show?

Answer 18

A double headed arrow shows the movement of a pair of electrons

Question 19

What is a Nucleophile?

Answer 19

A nucleophile is a chemical species that is either neutral with an area of high electron density or negatively charged. They are attracted to partially/fully positive atoms/ions and can donate a pair of electrons to form a dative bond.

Question 20

What is an Electrophile?

Answer 20

An electrophile is either a positive ion, or a neutral molecule that is deficient in electrons. They are attracted to partially/fully negative atoms/ions and can accept an electron to forma dative bond

Question 21

What is a Leaving group?

Answer 21

A leaving group is a fragment of a molecule that leaves with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bond fission

Question 22

How can you test for the presence of an Alkene?

Answer 22

The addition of bromine water tests for the presence of an alkene, as a double carbon to carbon bond decolourises bromine water

Question 23

How do you identify a Halide ion?

Answer 23

A halide ion can be identified by reacting with silver nitrate solution. A precipitate of the silver halide will form and a colour will be observed

NOTE: The colour depends on the precipitate formed

Question 24

What is an Sn1 reaction?

Answer 24

An Sn1 reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction involving one species in the rate determining step and occuring in at least two steps

NOTE: 1 refers to num species, not num steps

Question 25

What is **Inductive Stabilisation**?

Answer 25

Inductive stabilisation is when more alkyl groups increase the stability of a carbocation

Question 26

What is an **Sn2 reaction**?

Answer 26

An Sn2 reaction is a nuceluphilic substitution reaction involving *two species* in the rate determining step and occuring in *one step* | NOTE: 2 refers to num species not num steps

Question 27

What is **Steric Hinderence**?

Answer 27

Steric hinderence is when alkyl groups occupy a large space and block a nucleophile from attacking the +ve carbon

Question 28

What is an **Ether**?

Answer 28

An ether is molecule made up of two alkyl groups joined together through an oxygen atom | R-O-R'

Question 29

What is an **Alkoxide**?

Answer 29

An alkoxide is an ion that is formed by the loss of a hydrogen ion from the hydroxide group of an alcahol

Question 30

What is a **Nitrile**?

Answer 30

A nitrile is an organic compound with a cyano group attached to the terminal (end) carbon

Question 31

What is **Markovnikov's rule**?

Answer 31

Markovinkov's rule states that when a hydrgoen halide or water is added to an un-symmetrical alkene, the hydrogen atom will attached to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms already attached to it | NOTE: This rule is used to predict major/minor products

Question 33

Name a reducing agent:

Answer 33

Lithium aluminium hydride is a reducing agent, used to supply hydrogen

Question 34

What is a **Primary alcahol**?

Answer 34

A primary alcahol has its OH group on the terminal (end) carbon atom. It can be oxidised to an aldehyde and further oxidised to a carboxylic acid.

Question 35

What is a **Secondary alcahol**?

Answer 35

A secondary alcahol has its OH group on an internal carbon atom. It can be oxided to a ketone and can't be oxidided any further

Question 36

How can you test for an **Aldehyde**? (2)

Answer 36

You can test for an aldehyde using Tollen's reagent or Fehling's solution | NOTE: Tollen's goes colourless to silver, Fehling's goes blue to red

Question 37

What is a **Halogenation reaction**?

Answer 37

A halogenation reaction is when one of the hydrogen atoms is substituted with a halogen atom

Question 38

What is **Alkylation**?

Answer 38

Alkylation is when one of the hydrogen atoms is substituted with an alkyl group in the presence of an aluminium chloride catalyst

Question 39

What is **Nitration**?

Answer 39

Nitration is when one of the hydrogen atoms is substitued with a nitro (NO2) group in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentration nitric acid

Question 40

What is **Sulfunation**?

Answer 40

Sulfunation is when one of the hydrogen atoms is substitued with a sulfuric group