Unit 3 Word List Flashcards
(235 cards)
1
Q
acetylation
A
Addiction of an acetyl group
2
Q
acetylcholine
A
Chemical signaling molecule
3
Q
acetylcholinesterase
A
Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
4
Q
acid
A
Chemicals that give off hydrogen ions
5
Q
acidic
A
Quality of being acid
6
Q
adenine
A
Molecule found in DNA and RNA
7
Q
adipocyte
A
Fat cell
8
Q
aerobic
A
Activity that occurs when oxygen is plentiful
9
Q
albumin
A
Protein found in egg white; major blood protein
10
Q
alcohol
A
Chemical group that includes grain alcohol, ethanol
11
Q
alkali
A
Chemical that absorbs hydrogen ion
12
Q
alkaline
A
Quality of being alkali
13
Q
allele
A
Unit of inheritance
14
Q
amphipathic
A
A molecule that partially prefers water and partially repels water
15
Q
anabolic
A
A chemical process that that makes large chemicals out of smaller ones
16
Q
anaerobic
A
Activity that occurs when oxygen is scarce
17
Q
anaphase
A
Stage of cell division where chromosomes are separated
18
Q
androgen
A
Lipid signaling molecule that promotes development of male sexual characteristics
19
Q
antibody
A
Protein that defends the body against invaders
20
Q
antiparallel
A
Parallel, but running in opposite directions
21
Q
antiport
A
Transport process that involves molecules moving in opposite directions
22
Q
apical
A
Toward the top
23
Q
apocrine
A
Cellular section that involves breaking off a piece of the cell
24
Q
apoptosis
A
Programmed or pre planned cell death
25
astrocyte
Star-shaped cell of the brain
26
astoglia
Star+shaped cell of the brain
27
atom
The smallest unit of matter, indivisible quantity
28
autosome
Chromosome that is not involved in sex determination
29
avascular
Without blood vessels
30
basal
Towards the bottom
31
base pair
Adenine-thymine or cytosine-guanine pairs that form the rugs of the twisted ladder structure of DNA
32
bilayer
Two-layered covering; cell membrane
33
blastocyst
Stage of a human embryo where it is a hollow ball rapidly-dividing cells
34
carbohydrate
Molecule consisting of equal parts carbon and water
35
catabolic
Chemical process that makes smaller chemicals out of large ones
36
catalyze
To speed up chemical reactions
37
centriole
Organelle that acts as a microtubule organizing center
38
centromere
Part of a chromosome in the center, where the two DNA molecules touch
39
centromere
Part of a chromosome in the center, where the two DNA molecules touch
40
centrosome
Organelle that acts as a microtubule organizing center
41
chimera
Animal that is a mixture of two genetic types
42
cholesterol
Important lipid, essential for cell processes
43
chondrocyte
Cartilage cell
44
chromatin
DNA plus RNA plus associated proteins, visible when cells are dyed and viewed through the microscope
45
chromosome
Chromatin visible through the microscope in x shaped packages
46
cilia
Eyelash like extensions of the cell, used to move substances on the cell surface
47
codon
Unit of genetic; thousands of codons make up a gene
48
colloid
Microscopic particles surrounded by water
49
columnar
Cells that are higher than they are wide
50
cuboidal
Cells that are about as high as they are wide
51
cytokinesis
The movement of cells in cell division
52
cytoplasm
Gell like substance, including organelles, that fills cells and is surrounding by a membrane
53
cytosine
Molecule found in DNA and RNA
54
cytoskeleton
Organelle composed of structural suppor proteins
55
cytosol
Cytoplasm minus organelle
56
dehydration
Chemical reaction which removes water and forms a new chemical bond
57
denaturation
Using heat or chemicals to alter the normal structure of proteins, DNA and RNA
58
deoxyribose
A sugar that, along with phosphate groups, forms the backbone of the DNA molecule
59
diffusion
Process by which molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
60
diploid
Containing two copies of each DNA molecule; the normal number of DNA molecules in most human cells
61
dominant
In Mendelian genetics, one copy of a dominant allele is expressed as an observable characteristic
62
elastin
A protein; snaps back into shape when released after being stretched
63
electrolysis
Process of being molecules through electricity
64
electrolyte
Charge carrying ion in the blood
65
electromagnetic
Radiation that depends on energy level can be radio waves, microwaves, visible light, X ray, or gamma rays
66
electron
Subatomic particle with a negative charge; found on the outside of the atom
67
endergonic
Chemical reaction which requires energy
68
endocytosis
Intake of substances by the cell
69
endogenous
Coming from inside
70
endoplasmic reticulum
Organelle with net like structure found in cytoplasm
71
endothelium
Tissue lining blood vessels
72
endothermic
Chemical reaction which absorbs heat energy
73
entropy
The tendency of matter to become disorganized
74
enzyme
Protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the cell
75
epigenetic
Changes in DNA that are outside the normal molecular genetic process
76
epinephrine
Chemical signaling molecule
77
epithelium
Tissue lining body cavities and outside surfaces of the body
78
erythrocyte
Red blood cell
79
erythrocytosis
Abnormally high levels of red blood cells
80
estrogen
Lipid signaling molecule that promotes development of female sexual characteristics
81
ethonal
Alcohol that forms part of liquor, wine, and beer ; grain alcohol
82
euchromatin
Unspooled chromatin
83
eukaryotic
Cells with a true nucleus
84
exergonic
Chemical reaction which releases energy
85
exocytosis
Release of substances from a cell
86
exogenous
Coming from outsiders
87
exon
The part of a gene that is turned into a protein
88
ethothermic
Chemical reaction which releases heat energy
89
extracellular
Outside of cells
90
fibroblast
Connective tissue cell
91
fructose
A sugar, converted by liver to glucose
92
gamete
Eggs in females and sperm in males; the cells specialized for reproduction
93
gastrulation
Process of embryonic development that forms a little stomach or invagination
94
genotype
Silent characteristic of DNA that requires from the sequence of DNA base pairs
95
glia
Non excitable cells of the brain
96
gluconeogenesis
Process by which new glucose molecules are made inside the body
97
glucose
A sugar: main energy carrier in the body
98
glycerol
Alcohol derived from sugar
99
glycogen
Storage form of glucose, mostly found in liver and muscle
100
glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen
101
glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose
102
glycoprotein
Protein + sugar, more protein than sugar
103
goblet cell
Mucus making cell
104
gram stain
A staining technique used to classify bacteria by the microscopic appearance
105
guanine
Molecule found in DNA and RNA ; pairs with cytosine
106
haploid
Containing one copy of each DNA molecule; the normal number of DNA molecules in gametes
107
hemoglobin
Protein that carries oxygen and CO2 in the blood
108
heterochromatic
Spooled chromatin in storage
109
histological
Pertaining to the study of tissue
110
histone
Substance found in tissue that binds to DNA
111
histopathology
Study of how tissue changes during disease
112
histone
Protein spool around which DNA is wound
113
holocrine
Cellular secretion that involves the cell exploding
114
hydrolysis
Chemical reaction which adds water and breaks a chemical bond
115
hydrophilic
A molecule that prefers water
116
hydrophobic
A molecule that repels water
117
hypercholesterolemia
High cholesterol levels in the blood
118
hyperkalemia
High potassium levels in the blood
119
hypernatremia
High sodium levels in the blood
120
hypertonic
Solution with more particles per volume than the inside of a cell
121
hypokalemia
Low potassium levels in the blood
122
hyponatremia
Low sodium levels in the blood
123
hypotonic
Solution with fewer particles per volume than the inside of a cell
124
immunoglobulin
Protein that defends the body against invaders; antibody
125
insulin
Protein that helps cells manage blood sugar
126
interphase
Stage of cell life cycle that does not involve active division
127
intron
The part of a gene that is discarded in protein synthesis
128
ionic
Pertaining to charged particles
129
isomer
Different arrangements of the same atoms in the same quantity
130
isotonic
Solution with the same number of particles per volume as the inside of a cell
131
isotope
Different forms of the same element where the number of neutrons varies but the number of protons stays the same
132
ketoacidosis
High ketone and acid levels in the blood
133
ketone
Chemical byproduct of lipid breakdown
134
kinase
Enzyme that adds a phosphorus containing chemical group
135
lactose
A sugar, found in milk
136
lamina
Layer, plate
137
lariat
Loop of RNA that is discarded as an intron
138
leukocyte
White blood cell
139
lukocytosis
Abnormally high levels of white blood cells
140
ligand
A singular molecule or drug that binds a receptor
141
lipoprotein
A protein that carries fat molecules in the blood
142
liposome
Microscopic balls of fat molecules
143
lymphocyte
White blood cell
144
lysosome
Organelle that breaks down substances that the cell no longer needs
145
macrophage
Cell that eats large particles, including bacterial invaders
146
maltose
A sugar; derived from malt
147
megakaryocyte
Cell with large nucleus, breaks into fragments which help in blood clotting
148
meiosis
Process of forming gametes by reorganizing and reducing the amount of DNA in each cell
149
merocrine
Cellular secretion that involves the cell releasing substances using vesicles
150
metabolism
Anabolism + catabolism
151
metaphase
Stage of cell division where chromosomes are lined up
152
methylation
Addition of a methyl group
153
microfilament
Thread like part of the cytoskeleton
154
microglia
Defensive cell in the brain
155
microtubule
Tube like part of the cytoskeleton
156
microvillus
Microscopic shaggy hair like structure on the surface of intestinal cells and other absorptive epithelial
157
mitochondrion
Organelle that creates cellular energy
158
mitosis
Process of cell division that results in diploid cells
159
mole
Unit describing number of molecules in a solution
160
molecule
Arrangement of two or more atoms into large structures
161
monomer
Single molecular unit
162
mycoplasma
Type of bacterium that causes genital infections
163
mycosis
Process involving a fungus, fungal disease
164
neutron
Subatomic particle with no charge, found in the nucleus of the atom
165
norepinephrine
Chemical signaling molecule
166
nucleus
RNA making factory in the nucleus of a cell
167
nucleoside
Part of DNA and RNA base plus sugar
168
nucleoside
Part of DNA and RNA base plus sugar
169
nucleotide
Monomer of DNA or RNA; nucleoside plus 1 phosphorus and 4 oxygen atoms
170
nucleus
Organelle where genetic material is stored and manipulated
171
oligodendrocyte
A cell in the nervous system that forms insulating sheaths
172
oligodendroglia
A cell in the nervous system that forms sheaths
173
organelle
Microscopic part of a cell where specific cell functions are carried out
174
osmosis
Process of diffusion through a membrane that only allows water to pass
175
osteocyte
Bone cell
176
parenchyma
The proper tissue of an organelle
177
peptidoglycan
Sugar + protein; more sugar than protein
178
peroxide
Water with an extra oxygen atom
179
peroxisome
Organelle that uses peroxide to break down substances in the cell
180
phagocytosis
Process of cell eating large particles
181
phenotype
Observable characteristics that result from genetic plus epigenetic processes
182
phospholipid
Phosphorus containing fat molecules
183
phosphorylation
Process of removing a phosphorus containing chemical group
184
photon
Subatomic particle that carries electromagnetic energy
185
pinocytosis
Process of cell drinking
186
platelet
Cell fragment responsible for blood clotting, thrombocyte
187
ploidy
Number of DNA molecules in the cell
188
polar
Molecule with an unequal distribution of electrons; hydrophilic
189
polymer
Combination of two to 250 million molecular units
190
polypeptide
Small protein; string of many amino acids
191
polyploid
Containing more than two copies of each DNA molecule
192
primer
A DNA or RNA fragment that starts a chemical process in the cell
193
prokaryotic
Cells without a true nucleus
194
prophase
Stage of cell division that begins the division process
195
prostaglandin
Lip signaling molecule
196
proteasome
Organelle that breaks down proteins that the cell no longer needs
197
protein
A string of amino acids which is responsible for most cell functions
198
proteoglycan
Sugar + protein; more sugar than protein
199
proton
Subatomic particle with a positive charge; found in the nucleus of the atom
200
pseudostratified
Appearing to be layered when there is actually a single layer of cell
201
receptor
A protein in the cell membrane; when it binds a signaling molecule it causes a change in the cell
202
recessive
Two copies of a recessive allele are needed to create an observable characteristic
203
renaturation
Restoring the normal structure of proteins, DNA, or RNA
204
resonance
Property of molecules where there is extensive sharing of electrons between atoms
205
reticular
Net like
206
ribose
A sugar that, along with phosphate groups, forms the backbone of the RNA molecule
207
ribosome
Organelle that is a protein making machine; consists of RnA plus protein
208
secretion
Release of substances from a cell or from the body
209
solution
Molecular size particles surrounded by water
210
somatic
Most of the body cells; cells that have no reproductive function
211
squamous
Cells that are wider than they are high
212
steroid
Lipid signaling molecule based on cholesterol
213
Stratified
Layered
214
stratum
Layer
215
substrate
Molecule that an enzyme acts upon
216
sucrose
A sugar; can sugar or table sugar
217
surfactant
Chemical substance that helps lipids dissolve in water
218
suspension
Cells of other large microscopic particles surrounded by water
219
symport
Transport process that involves molecules moving in the same direction
220
telomere
Part of a chromosome at the ends of
221
telophase
Stage of cell division that ends the division process
222
testosterone
Lipid signaling molecule that promotes development of male sexual characteristics
223
thermodynamic
Branch of physics that studies how energy is managed by systems like cells
224
thrombocyte
Cell fragment responsible for blood clotting; platelet
225
thrombocytopenia
Abnormally low levels of thrombocytes
226
thrombocytosis
Abnormally high levels of thrombocytes
227
thymine
Molecule found in DNA; pairs with adenine
228
tonicity
Number of particles per unit volume
229
transcription
Process by which RNA is made from DNA
230
translation
Process by which protein is made from RNA
231
triglyceride
Form of lipid found in the blood
232
uracil
Molecule found in RNA; pairs with adenine
233
valence
Property of atoms important to understand formation of bonds by sharing or trading of electrons
234
vesicle
Organelle that contains molecules to be secreted or absorbed by the cell
235
villus
Shaggy hair like structure lining the intestines
