Unit 3.2 Flashcards
1
Q
Data is simply narrated, story fashion
A
Narrative or Textual
2
Q
A systematic arrangement of data presented
in columns and rows for the purpose of comparison
A
Tabular
3
Q
Pictorial representation of data
A
Figure or graphical
4
Q
Data is presented in the form of a sentence/ Paragraph
A
Textual presentation
5
Q
Most basic way of presenting data
A
Textual presentation
6
Q
Characteristics of a good figure/ table
A
1 simplicity
2. Clarity
3. Continuity
7
Q
• Augment rather than duplicate the text
• Convey only essential facts
• Omit distracting detail
A
Simplicity
8
Q
- Easy to read – its elements (type, lines, labels, symbols,etc) are large enough to be read with ease in printed form
• Easy to understand – its purpose is readily apparent
A
Clarity
9
Q
• Consistent with and is prepared in the same style as similar figures [and tables] in the same article
• Carefully planned and prepared.
A
Continuity
10
Q
allow the amounts of raw data to be sorted and reorganized in a neat format
A
Tabular
11
Q
results placed in an organized display of rows and columns that enables grouping of data by different classifications for comparison and better understanding
A
Tabular
12
Q
allows the inclusion of only the most important or relevant data
A
Tabular
13
Q
never put data in the table if you can describe it efficiently in one or two sentences
A
Tabular
14
Q
Data in tabular form uses
A
- Summarizing and presenting data
- Data checking and editing
- Basis, aid in graph or chart construction
15
Q
Strength of tabular form
A
- Easy to understand
- More compact and concise than textual form
- Present data in greater detail than a graph
- Can readily point out trends, comparisons or
interrelations
16
Q
Parts of table
A
- Table number
- Table title
- Spanner
- Decked heads
- Table body
17
Q
- Use arabic numerals in the order in which the tables are first mentioned in text
- Do not use suffix letters
- Partial or fractional numbering is unacceptable (i.e. no 5a or 5.1)
A
Table number
18
Q
- Brief but clear and explanatory
- Titles should adequately explain the content of a table without referring the reader to the text
- Single-spaced
A
Table title
19
Q
- Column spanner
• singular
• covers several columns each with its own column head - Table spanner
• located in the body of the table in order to divide the data in a table without
changing the columns
• covers the entire width of the body of the table
• used to combine two tables into one provided they have
similar column heads.
• may be plural
A
Spanners
20
Q
- stacked headings (column heads and spanner)
- used to avoid repetition of words in column headings
A
Decked heads
21
Q
- Cell is the intersection between a row and column
- Decimal values
• Use a zero before the decimal point
• Do not use zero if the number can not be greater than 1
• Use same unit of measurement and number of decimal places within
a column - Do not include columns of data that can be calculated
easily from other columns - Double-spaced (rows)
A
Table body
22
Q
• Notes
- General note
• Qualifies, explains or provides info relating to the table as a whole and
gives explanation of abbreviations, symbols as well as the source
- Specific note
• Refers to a particular column or row or individual entry
• indicated by superscript lowercase letters
- Probability note
• indicates the results of tests of significance
- Order
• General, specific, probability
- Single-spaced
A
Table body
23
Q
Consideration in table construction
A
- Relation of tables and text
- Relation between tables
- Ruling
- Word/textual table
- Numerical table
24
Q
- supplements the text
- every table should be cited/ referred to in the text
- discuss only highlights
- place tables close to where they are first mentioned in your text do not split a table across pages
A
Relation of tables and text
25
- standardize a particular style (same format, terminology, etc.)
- combine tables that repeat data (identical columns should not appear in 2 or more tables)
Relation between tables
26
- 3 horizontal lines (APA feature)
- no vertical lines (allowed in exceptional cases)
Ruling
27
Types of table
1. Word/textual table
2. Numerical table
28
- Relative Frequency Distribution Table
• One-way
• Two –way
• Multi- way
- Statistical Table
- Master Table
- Dummy Table
Numerical table
29
• Tables that have textual data
• Serve the same purpose as any table - comparison
Word/textual table
30
- a relative frequency is a ratio of the number of observations in a statistical category to the total number of observations (proportion or %)
- a table which presents proportion data
- categorical variables
Relative frequency table
31
Presents data with respect categories of one variable only
One-way
32
data with respect to cross-classification of two categorical variables
Two-way
33
data with respect to more than two categorical variables
Multi-way
34
• tables that can present data of a
- descriptive statistics
- inferential statistics
eg. ANOVA, Correlation
- or both
Statistical table
35
• to facilitate tabulation in the absence of a computer
• shows the distribution of observations across several variables of interest in a given study
• each observation is cross-classified across the variables
Master table
36
- contains raw data
- where you can plot all data
Master table
37
• skeleton tables
• preview of tables to be presented
Dummy tables
38
- help researcher clarify instrument
- help protocol reviewer
- guides data analysts/ programmers
Dummy table
39
Usual errors in table construction
1. Comparison based on absolute numbers
2. Use of wrong denominators in computing for percentages
40
• visual representation of relationship between,
but not restricted to, two variables
Graphical presentation
41
a graph consists of two axes called the x-axis
(horizontal) and y-axis (vertical) and each
corresponds to one variable
Graphical presentation
42
- Simpler to read
- More attractive and appealing
- Strengthen emphasis on certain aspects of the data
- With a wide point of view of the data
- Effective tool in delivering a specific message
- Shows trends and patterns in a large data set
- Comparison could also be made more striking
Advantages of graphical presentation
43
Disadvantages of graphical presentation
• cannot show as many sets of facts (detailed
information) as may be shown in a table
• can only show approximate values
• require more time to construct
• may be used to misinterpret results
44
Pointers in Graph Construction
1. Title or caption must be clear and concise.
2. Use simple graphs (usually the most effective).
3. Graph should be self-explanatory.
4. Use legends appropriately.
5. Be careful when plotting your scales to
avoid misleading the readers and properly label them.
6. Use a scale break to avoid placing the graph high up on the grid.
45
Not appropriate to use graph when
• Data are very dispersed
• Too few data (categories)
• Numerous data
• Data show little or no variation
46
• Shows breakdown of a group or total where the no. of categories is not too many
• Use the % for each category, thus the total always equal to 100%
• Apply different shades to each pie slice to differentiate the different groups
Pie graph
47
• Readily compares the percentages in each category by comparing the heights of the bars
• Use percentages or rates when the total no. of observations for the groups are not uniform
• When % are used, the sum of the heights of all bars must equal to 100%
• For qualitative variables, categories may be arranged by
- Magnitude of corresponding figures
- Natural ordering
- Example: Educational attainment, Birth order
Bar graph
48
usually used for discrete quantitative variables
Vertical bar graph
49
Usually used for qualitative variables
Horizontal bar graph
50
- A bar divided into smaller rectangles representing the parts
• Similar to a pie chart
• Area of each smaller rectangle is proportional to the relative contribution of the component to the whole
• Preferable over the pie chart in situations where the compositions of two or more groups are to be compared
• Different shades or colors can be applied to the components to emphasize differences between parts of the whole
Component bar graph
51
- Graphical representation of the frequency distribution of a continuous variable
• Important characteristic - no space between bars
• Vertical scale may show the absolute or relative frequencies
Histogram
52
• Plot of dots ( representing values of the variable) joined with lines over some period of time in sequential series
• Time series is shown along the horizontal axis while the variable values are shown along the vertical axis
• Portray trends, i.e., changes in the variable with time
Line graph
53
• Similar to the histogram except that
- Frequencies are plotted against the
corresponding midpoints of the classes
- Can depict more than 1 one distribution
• A closed figure
Frequency polygon
54
Best used to show clustering results
Scatterplot
55
• Show relationship between two quantitative variables
• Gives rough estimate of the degree of correlation between the variables
• Needed data to construct actual values of each variables of all the subjects
Scatterplot
56
Aka boxplot
box and whisker plot or diagram
57
a graph summarising a set of data.
box and whisker plot or diagram
58
It is a useful way to compare different sets of data as you can draw more than one boxplot per graph. These can be displayed alongside a
number line, horizontally or vertically.
- The shape of the boxplot shows how the data is distributed
box and whisker plot or diagram
59
Inappropriate construction of graph
1. Thick grid lines - line graph
2. Big spaces - scatterplot
3. Little to no variation
4. Dispersed data
5. Very few data
60
Clustering of data in scatterplot is
Negative result
61
More scattered plot in scatterplot is
Good results
