Unit 3.3: Treating Cancer Flashcards
(21 cards)
3.3.1 Diary of a Cancer Patient
Surgery
- Removes tumor and its surrounding tissue in operation
- Very effective depending on the cancer
- Use sharp tools to cut throught the skin
- Anesthesis is used
- Used when one part of the body contains the solid tumor in that specific area
- Side effects: Pain, infection, bleeding, scarring, blood clots etc…
3.3.1 Diary of a Cancer Patient
Chemotherapy
- Uses drugs to destroy cells and prevent tumor growth
- Given intravenously
- Both healthy and cancerous cells can be destroyed
- Interfers with cell cycle/mitosis and cell’s metabolism
- Side effects: hair loss, weight loss, nausea, vomitting etc..
3.3.1 Diary of a Cancer Patient
Radiation Therpay
- Uses high energy waves (x-rays, gamma rays, etc) to damage cancer cells
- Destroys genetic material of cancer cells
- 3 types: External Beam (several angles), Internal Beam (Brachytherapy), Proton Beam
- 3 ways that radiation kills cancer: Base and sugar damage, single strand break, double strand break
- Side effects: skin changes, fatigue, site-specific side effects, etc…
3.3.1 Diary of a Cancer Patient
Immunotherapy
- Support/boost/change patient’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells
- Block tumor cells from deactivating T-cells
- Ex: T-cell transfer therapy, treatment vaccines, immune system modulators, etc…
- Used for cancers that hasn’t responded to other treatments and those that come back
- Side effects: flu like symptoms and organ damage
3.3.1 Diary of a Cancer Patient
Targeted Therapy
- Targets proteins that control cell growth and division
- Similar to chemotherpay
- Blocks enzymes that signal cancer growth/apoptosis
- Drug finds and damages cells with large # of receptors
- Recommend when other treatments are not effective
- Side effects: blod clotting, liver problems, etc…
3.3.1 Diary of a Cancer Patient
Hormone Therapy
- Slows/stops the growth of cancer that uses hormones to grow via chemicals
- AKA endocrine therapy
- Adds, blocks, or removes hormones
- Mainly treats prostate and breast cancer
- Side effects: hot flashes, mood changes, fatigue, etc…
3.3.1 Diary of a Cancer Patient
Stem Cell Transplant
- Replaces damaged/cancerous blood cells with healthy ones
- Treat conditions affecting blood cells
- Aka bone marrow transplant
- Collects stem cells from donor
- Conditioning via chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy
- Side effects: nausea, vomitting, mouth sores, etc..
3.3.1 Diary of a Cancer Patient
Precision Medicine
- Correlates an individual’s genomic, environmental and lifestyle info to plan an effective treatment
- Helps identify those w/ high risk of cancer & lower people lower their risk
- Medical model that tailors the patient based on their risk of disease
- Side effects: skin problems, fatigue, constipation, etc…
3.3.1 Diary of a Cancer Patient
Who were two important figures who discovered Cancer Treatments?
- James Allison
- Carol Greider
3.3.1 Diary of a Cancer Patient
What are some factors that determine treatment plan an oncologist chooses?
Age, type of cancer, rate of cancer metastasis, and genral health
3.3.2 Biofeedback Therapy
What is biofeedback therapy?
- Helps patients becomes familiarized with the way their body reacts to stress
- Learn ways to use the mind to influence involuntary functions
- Patients monitor the way relaxation techniques change physiological output
- Ex: making slight changes in your body, such as relaxing muscles, to help relieve pain or reduce tension.
3.3.2 Biofeedback Therapy
What are some types of Biofeedback therapy?
- Breathing: sensors on chest & stomach
- Brain Waves: EEG monitors brain waves; tells mental state
- Heart Rate: sensors on chest & finger; measures change in heart rate
- Muscle Actvity: EMG measures muscle tightening & quick contractions
- Sweat Gland Activity: pads on wrist/finger; measure sweating of skin
- Temperature: pads on feet/fingers; measure blood flow
3.3.2 Biofeedback Therapy
EEG
- Electroencephalogram
- Detects electrical activity in brain
- Uses electrodes attached to the brain
3.3.2 Biofeedback Therapy
EMG
- Electromyography
- Measures muscle response or electrical activity to a nerve of muscle
- Electrodes through skin into muscle
3.3.2 Biofeedback Therapy
EKG/ECG
- Electocardiogram
- Records the electrical signals in the heart
- Electodes on chest/limb
3.3.2 Biofeedback Therapy
EOG
- Electrooculogram
- Measures electrical activity in muscles that control eye movement
- Electrodes places around eye
3.3.3 Design of a Prosthetic Arm
What happends during a limb-salvage surgery?
- Surgeon removes entire tumor while perserving nearby tendons, nerves, and blood vessels
- Bone that is removed is replaced by another bone in body or via endoprosthesis
- Endoprosthesis: artifical bone made out of metal or other materials
3.3.3 Design of a Prosthetic Arm
What is a prosthetic?
Artifical device to replace/augment a missing/impaired part of body
3.3.3 Design of a Prosthetic Arm
What is an Orthotist? What do they do?
- Helps patients who require external devices to support their bodies
- Make braces (orthoses) and custom fit them to their patient
- Courses in anatomy & physiology, biomechanics, pathophysiology, and engineering is crucial
3.3.3 Design of a Prosthetic Arm
What is the function of skeletal muscle and what are the types of skeletal muscle in the body?
Skeletal muscles are involved in voluntary movement and maintaining posture
1. Abdominal - breathing, balance, bladder control, trunk support and rotation
2. Anterior Thigh - strong extension of leg and flexion of thigh
3. Back - movements of shoulder, spine
4. Foot - plantar flexion, ankle movement, inversion and eversion of foot
5. Forearm - extension of hand & supination of forearm
6. Hand - abduction and adduction of wrist, movement of fingers
7. Head/Neck - flexion and rotation of neck, movement in larynx bone, located on face and scalp as well
8. Leg - inversion/eversion of foot, knee stabilization
9. Facial - facial expression and emotions
10. Mastication - jaw and mandible movement
11. Hamstring - movements and stabilization at hip & knee joints, flexion of leg, extension of thigh
12. Shoulder - movement in shoulder girdle and upper limb
13. Thoracic - Adjust volume of chest cavity during inspiration and expiration
14. Arm - flexion of forearm into elbow joint, flexion of shoulder, supinate forearm
3.3.3 Design of a Prosthetic Arm
What is the difference between an upper extremity amputation and lower extremity amputee?
- Upper: loss of all or part of an arm; loss of ability to perform job skills/normal activities
- Lower: loss of all or part of one or more legs; loss of ability to walk/rin
