Unit 3.4: Building a Better Cancer Treatment Flashcards
(32 cards)
3.4.1 Precision Medicine
What is Precision Medicine?
- Aka personalized medicine
- Matching treatment with a patient based on genes, environment, lifestyle, and microbes
- Reduces side effects for a patient
3.4.1 Precision Medicine
Why is the time right for percision medicine?
Advancements in bioinformatics
3.4.1 Precision Medicine
What is a SNP?
Single nucleotide difference within a gene
3.4.1 Precision Medicine
What is a haplotype?
- All possible combinations of SNPs in a gene
- One haplotype from mother and one from father
- SNP Profile: a person’s haplotype pair
3.4.1 Precision Medicine
How are SNP profiles applied to drug choices?
- Pharmacogentics: determine a patient’s SNP profile, compare it to known data to predict patient’s response
- Range of responses is due to genetic changes (variants)
3.4.1 Precision Medicine
What are some other applicants of precision medicine?
- Growing replacement tissue
- Molecular profiling of microbes
- Personalized diets
3.4.2 Nanofuture
What is a nanometer?
1,000,000 nanometers = 1mm
3.4.2 Nanofuture
What is nanotechnology?
The understanding and control over matter at dimensions between apporximately one and one hundred nanometers
3.4.2 Nanofuture
What is nanomedicine?
- Use of nanotechnology in medicine
- Medical interventions being developed at the cellular and molecular scale to diagnose and treat disease
3.4.2 Nanofuture
Cantilevers
- A diagnostic tool
- Beam that contains molecules that other molecules can bind to
- The bending beam indicates something
3.4.2 Nanofuture
Nanopores
- A diagnostic tool
- Electrically insulated device with tiny holes that allow DNA to pass through
- Sense and study physical proporties of biomolecules
3.4.2 Nanofuture
Nanotubes
- A diagnostic tool and a form of treatment
- Can be used solo or in conjunction with nanopores
- Can be used for drug delivery
3.4.2 Nanofuture
Quantum Dots
- A diagnosis tool and a form of treatment
- Crystals that emit radiation specific to a target
- They bind to DNA bases, cells, etc.. for detection
3.4.2 Nanofuture
Nanoshells
- Treatment
- Beads coated w/ gold that recognize specifc targets
- Ex: can burn just tumor when they absorb light & heat up
3.4.2 Nanofuture
Dendrimes
- Treatment
- Man-made molecules that carry a variety of molecules
- Improve efficiency and reduce toxicity of an active drug molecule
3.4.3 Clinical Trials
What is the general purpose of clinical trials
Assess safety/efficiay of
* experimental treatments
* new drug combinations
* new surgical/radiation therapy approaches
* better disease prevention approaches
* better diagnostic approaches
3.4.3 Clinical Trials
Phase 1
- less than 100
- Safety, side effects, dosage, admin methods
- several months
3.4.3 Clinical Trials
Phase 2
- several hundred
- safety & effectiveness
- several months to years
3.4.3 Clinical Trials
Phase 3
- 1000-3000 subjects
- effectiveness in comparison to others
- 1-4 yrs
- fda approval
3.4.3 Clinical Trials
Phase 4
- several thousand subjects
- long term safety, lomg term effects & benefits
- 4+ years
3.4.3 Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial ABCD
- A - Preclinical Testing
- laboratory testing, animal testing, protocal - B - Clinical Research
- Dose finsing, proof of concept, comparitive efficiacy - C - Final Data Analysis
- D - Follow Up
3.4.3 Clinical Trials
Blinded Studies
- helps reduce patient or researcher bias
- single blind: only researchers know
- double blind: both researchers and participants don’t know
- open trial: both know
3.4.3 Clinical Trials
Crossover trials
- Period one: group 1 get treatment 1 & group 2 get treatment 2
- Washout period
- Period 2: group 1 get treatment 2 & group 2 get treatment 1
3.4.3 Clinical Trials
Factorial Trial
A clinical trial examining the effects of both a new drug and a lifestyle intervention. Participants may be randomized to receive the drug alone, the lifestyle intervention alone, both treatments, or neither.
