Unit 4 Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
Phylum Annelida
A
-vermiform=worm-shaped form
-metamerism=segmentation
*homonomous with metameres=segements-essentially repeated morphologically
-setae=chaeta
-parapodia
-closed circulation
-metanephridia
-movement: crawling and swimming
-trochophore larva-found in some annelids and mollusks, shows evidence for evolutionary link between the 2
-annelids=rings
2
Q
Class Polychaeta
A
-“many setae”
-well-developed head
-parapodia
-sandworm, tubeworm, palalo worm, fireworm
-have operculum
3
Q
Class Oligochaeta
A
-“few setae”
-earthworms
-poorly-developed head
-clitellum
-respiration through diffusion, which requires moist skin
-no parapodia
-no/reduced eyes
-no larvae
4
Q
Class Hirudinea
A
-“leeches”
-blood-sucking parasites
-some carnivorous
-coelom filled w/ mesenchyme
-setae usually absent
-open circulation
-clitellum present
-anticoagulant called hirudin that allows them to suck the blood without clogging it
5
Q
Annelids have a very complex ______, bigger than any other animal.
A
Coelom
6
Q
Parapodia
A
feet on the side, present in polychaeta, but not oligochaeta
-supported by chitinous rods
7
Q
Clitellum
A
reproductive part of an annelid’s body that encloses the earthworm’s eggs
8
Q
Phylum Arthropoda
A
-largest animal group
-heternomous metamerism
-tagma-head, thorax, abdomen
*exoskeleton-cuticle and epidermis, musculature (flexors and extensors), articulations
*excretory system-malpighian tubules and green gland
*respiratory systems-gills and book lungs, trachea w/ spriacles
*circulatory system-open (but surprisingly efficient), heart w/ ostia and hemocoel
*coelom is degenerate-most abundant phylum has essentially done away with a coelom in the adult form
*molting (=ecdysis) hormonal control
*compound eye-consists of ommitidium that have photoreceptors, cornea, lens
9
Q
Phylum Arthropoda contains the most significant groups, especially ________, as they impacted nearly every other major group over their evolutionary history and are found in nearly every kind of habitat.
A
Insects
10
Q
On land, plants have a love/hate relationship with arthropods as they are vital for _______ __________, but feed vocariously on plant leaves and stems (one of the main reasons plants produce so many secondary compounds is to defend themselves chemically from being eaten; these compounds represent a rich source of potential medicines).
A
Plant pollination
11
Q
In seas, arthropods have been successful for even longer w/ representative fossils showing early ________ prescence.
A
Paleozoic
12
Q
Heteromonous Metamerism
A
unlike annelids with essentially repeating segments, arthropods have combined segments into specialized regions called tagma. this specialization along w/ flexible joints (arthropod means jointed feet) has given these animals advantages in locomotion, from walking to flying to swimming.
13
Q
All arthropods have tagma except for _________ and _________.
A
centipedes and millipedes
14
Q
Most abundant skeleton is the _________.
A
exoskeleton
15
Q
Exoskeleton is actually a _______ b/c it is produced by epidermis.
A
cuticle
16
Q
The main component of a cuticle is ________, while some arthropods have ___________ to harden it.
A
chitin; calcium carbonate
17
Q
Articulations are the ______ of the exoskeleton
A
soft parts
18
Q
Ecdysone (from y-organ or prothoracic gland)->
A
molt
19
Q
Molt-inhibiting hormone (from x-organ)->
A
no molting
20
Q
Arthropods Classification
A
-appendages: biramous vs uniramous
-mouth parts-chelicerae and pedipalps vs. mandibles
-antennae
21
Q
Biramous Appendages
A
branches into 2, consists of a series of segments
22
Q
Uniramous Appendages
A
single series of segments attached from end-to-end
-most abundant appendage
23
Q
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
A
-phylum arthropoda
-extinct
-biramous
-antennae (one pair)
24
Q
Subphylum Chelicerata
A
-phylum arthropoda
-mostly terrestrial (some marine)
-body plan: prosoma, opistoma, telson
-chelicerae (1) and pedipalps (1)
-uniramous-4 pairs
-6 pairs of appendages all together
-respiration-book lungs and gills; tracheae
-class arachnida, merostomata, and pycnogonida
25
Class Arachnida
-subphylum chelicerata
-terrestrial
-chelicarae w/ fangs
-web-building
26
Class Merostomata
-subphylum chelicerata
-aquatic
-horseshoe crabs
-giant water scorpion (extinct)
27
Class Pycnogonida
-subphylum chelicerata
-sea spiders
-4 leg pairs (usually)
-ovigerous legs (male)
-organs extend into legs
28
Subphylum Crustacea
-phylum arthropoda
-cephalothoracic segments
-thoracic segments
-abdominal segments
-cuticle hardened by calcium carbonate
-larval forms: naupilus, zoea, megalops
29
Cephalothoracic Segments of Subphylum Crustacea
-eye->1st antennae (antennules)->2nd antennae->1st and 2nd maxillae
30
Thoracic Segments of Subphylum Crustacea
-1st, 2nd, and 3rd maxillipeds->chelipeds->pereiopods (walking legs)
31
Abdominal Segments of Subphylum Crustacea
-pleopods (swimmerets)
-tail (telson/uropods)
32
Class Crustacea
-order copepoda
-order cirripedia
-order isopoda
-order decapoda
33
Order Copepoda
-planktonic
-abundant
-copepods
34
Order Cirripedia
-barnacles
-marine
-some symbiotic
-feathery/fluffy feet
35
Order Isopoda
-marine (except pill bugs)
-isopods
36
Order Decapoda
-largest group
-crabs, lobsters and shrimp
37
Subphylum Uniramia
-class insecta
-class chilopoda
-class diplopoda
38
Class Insecta
-largest animal group
-body plan-3 tagma: head, thorax, abdomen
-4 pairs of appendages-3 pairs of legs, 1 pair of mandibles
-metamorphosis and instars
-ametabolous=apterygota-bristletail and silverfish
-metabolous-pterygota
*hemimetabolous (incomplete)-exopterygota w/ nymphs-ex. grasshoppers
*holometabolous (complete)-endopterygota w/ larva, pupa w/ cocoon-ex. butterflies
39
As an insect matures, it undergoes _____?
molting
40
The intermediate molt stages prior to reaching the adult stage is sometimes called ________.
instars
41
Typically, there are ____ instars prior to reaching the adult stages.
5-8
42
Those few species that do not undergo a metamorphosis to reach the adult stage are called _________. in addition to lacking metamorphosis, they do not produce wings and are also referred to as the group ______.
ametabolous; apterygota
43
Most insects undergo metamorphosis and are called ________; they also have wings (at least some individuals) and are in the group __________.
metabolous; pterygota
44
However, some in the pterygota group undergo a partial or incomplete metamorphosis and are called _________, while others undergo a complete metamorphosis and are called _________.
hemimetabolous; holometabolous
45
Class Chilopoda
-subphylum uniramia
-centipedes
-poison gland
-repugnatorial gland
-carnivorous
46
Class Diplopoda
-subphylum uniramia
-millipedes
-diplosegment (fused pair of segments)
-poison gland
47
Phylum Onychophora
-a missing link?
-velvet worms
-terrestrial worms resembling annelids and arthropods
-soft cuticle
-segmented nephridia
-non-jointed appendages
-hemocoel
-trachae
-molts cuticle
-feeding appendages
48
Phylum Echinodermata
-deuterostomes
-marine w/ spiny skin & pentamerous (5-pointed) radial symmetry
-water vascular system w/ tube feet (podia)
49
Class Crinoidea
-phylum echinodermata
-sea lilies
-feather stars
-use arms for filter feeding
-abundant during the paleozoic
50
Class Asteroidea
-phylum echinodermata
-sea stars
-five arms (usually)
51
Class Ophiuroidea
-phylum echinodermata
-brittle stars
-basket stars
-central disk contains organs of reproduction, digestion and respiration
-five arms (usually)
52
Class Echinoidea
-phylum echinodermata
-regular echinoids-sea urchins
-irregular echinoids-sand dollars, heart urchins, sea bisquits
53
Class Holothuroidea
-phylum echinodermata
-sea cucumbers
-cylindrical w/ tertiary bilateral symmetry
54
Phylum Chaetognatha
-arrow worms
-marine planktonic predator
55
Phylum Hemichordata
-acorn worms
-at one time thought to possess part of a notochord (lack); thus, the prefix "hemi" does possess gill slits, which is also a chordate feature
-possess proboscis, pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord
56
Phylum Chordata
-muscles segments
-notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve cord
-mouth
-pharyngeal slits or clefts
-post-anal tail
57
Subphylum Urochordata
-"nonvertebrate chordate"
-tunicates and sea squirts are basically the name of the same type of animal, which consists of sessile adults w/ 2 tubes (siphons) to move water in/out of body. as larvae, these animals have tadpole-like form (tadpole larva) and possess a notochord w/in the body extending into the tail-thus, the name "uro" (tail) "chordate" (notochord).
-larvaceans are related animals that never metamorphose into sea squirts, but rather stay in larval tadpole form through a process called neoteny
-larval stage has all 4 chordate features, but adult stage only retains the pharyngeal slits
58
Subphylum Cephalochordata
-lancelets are streamlined animals w/ notochord that is not only found in body and tail, but also extends into head-thus the name "cephalo" (head) "chordate" (notochord)
-larval and adult stage have all 4 chordate features
59
Clearly, both chordates and cephalochordates are closely related to each other based on the possession of a _________. Thus, vertebrate origins are linked to these 2 groups.
Notochord
60
The fossil record supports the assumption that the prototypical 1st vertebrate was likely a fish-type animal called the ___________.
Pikaia
61
Larvaceans result from a process called ________ which basically means when a juvenile/larval type form through mutation possess the ability to reproduce
paedomorphosis (paedogenesis)
62
Somatic Tissues
non-reproductive tissues, such as the muscles, bone, and skin
63
Germinal Tissues
reproductive tissues, such as the ovaries and testes
64
Paedomorphosis can occur in 2 ways: _______ and _______.
Neoteny and Progenesis
65
Neoteny
somatic tissues slow down relative to the germinal tissues during development
66
Progenesis
germinal tissues speed up relative to the somatic tissues during development
67
In humans, if neoteny occurs during development, the bones and tissues will not reach their normal adult size/mass, but the gonads will continue their normal rate of development. This means that a child reaching puberty may be considerably smaller but can still reproduce. This is called ________.
Dwarfism
68
If a child's gonads accelerate in development, but the somatic tissues develop at the normal rate, then sexual maturity can be reached as early as ___.
5 y/o
69
One very important endocrine gland called the ________ is extremely important in development/metamorphosis in many vertebrates and is potentially impacted in paedomorphic scenarios.
Thyroid gland
70
Paedomorphic forms of ___________ (larvaceans) have a fish-like body.
urochordates
71
___________ already have a fish-shaped form.
Cephalochordates
72
Cephalochordates and Urochordates, in addition to the ________ have what it takes to have given rise to the first vertebrates.
Notochord
73
Most vertebrate groups are _______, which arose during the _________ era. Amphibians and some reptiles were also well-represented during this time frame.
fishes; paleozoic
74
Subphylum Vertebrata Main Features
-notochord
-heart
-appendicular girdles
-jaws
75
Notochord
-present in all vertebrates but may not persist in adults
-for example, in humans part of the notochord develops into vertebrae while other parts become the invertebral discs
-a common affliction of our vertebral column is a slipped or ruptured disc
-developed from mesoderm
76
In fishes, they have ___ heart chambers.
2
77
In amphibians and most reptiles, they have __ heart chambers.
3
78
In crocodiles, alligators, birds, and mammals, they have ___ heart chambers.
4
79
The development of the heart coincides with the evolutionary move onto land and the concomitant requirement of _________ __________ ___________ found in birds and mammals.
increased metabolic demands
80
Appendicular Girdles
-found in most vertebrates consisting of a complex of bones to support the appendages in tetrapods (4-legged vertebrates)
81
The anterior pair of legs are supported by the _______ girdle.
Pectoral
82
The posterior pair of legs are supported by the ________ girdle.
Pelvic
83
Fishes possess fins from the same girdles (pectoral and pelvic), which subsequently evolved into walking appendages found in _________, into legs in ________, ______, and _______.
amphibians; reptiles, birds, and mammals
84
Humans stood upright on the pelvic-derived legs to become ________.
Bipedal (walking on 2 legs)
85
Jaws
developed from the support material called hyoid arches associated with the pharyngeal slits
86
Class Agnatha
-subphylum vertebrata
-"jawless fishes"
-ostracoderms (extinct)
-cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes) have persistent notochord and 2-chambered heart
87
Class Gnathostome
-subphylum vertebrata
-evolution of jaw
-hyoid (gill) arch->jaw
88
Class Placodermi
-subphylum vertebrata
-extinct
-the first jawed fishes
89
Class Chondrichthyes
-subphylum vertebrata
-sharks, skates, and rays
-cartilaginous fishes-rarely get tumors
-notochord persistent
-sub-terminal mouth
-2-chambered heart
-no gill cover (operculum) except in ratfish
-no swim bladder, rather they have lipids in their liver to assist in maintaining buoyancy`
90
Shark Diversity
sharks were extremely abundant during the paleozoic and have been diminishing in abundance ever since. many extant members today greatly resemble fossilized forms
-stingrays, electric skate, manta ray, ratfish (chimaera)
91
Other Features of Sharks (Class Chondrichthyes)
-shark teeth
-placoid scales
92
Class Osteichthyes
-subphylum vertebrata
-bony fishes
-notochord may persist
-terminal mouth
-2-chambered heart
-operculum
-swim bladder
-exoskeleton hardened by calcium phosphate
93
Subclass Sarcopterygii
-class osteichthyes
-lobe-finned fishes
-have lobed fins, which are likely leg precursors
94
Order Crossopterygii
-subclass sarcopterygii
-coelocanth are likely fish most closely related to amphibians, living fossils
95
Order Dipnuesti
-subclass sarcopterygii
-lungfishes possess lungs and can aestivate-or become inactive in the mud of rivers in which the water levels have subsided. in these dryer conditions, the lungfish burrows in a muddy cocoon, lowers its metabolic rate, and starts to breathe air exclusively. these present-day fishes (and other types of fishes, such as walking catfish) show that fishes could have easily evolved into air-breathing amphibians
-swim bladder used for gas exchange when ponds dry up
96
Subclass Actinopterygii
-class osteichthyes
-ray-finned fishes
-primitive groups-sturgeon and gar, have primitive thick diamond-shaped ganoid scale
-notochord persists in these primitive ray-finned fishes
-teleosts-the notochord is replaced in these higher bony-fishes (and in remaining vertebrate groups)
-high species diversity
-most vertebrate species are in this group
-cycloid and ctenoid scales
-caudal fin types in fishes (heterocercal, homocercal, diphycercal)
97
Heterocercal Caudal fin is present in _________.
class chondrichthyes
98
Homocercal Caudal fin is present in ________.
class osteichthyes
99
Diphycercal Caudal fin is present in ________.
class osteichthyes
100
Larvaceans stay in larval form via _________, most likely _______.
paedogenesis; neoteny
101
Dorsal hollow nerve cord = _________.
spinal cord
102
Lancelets (phylum cephalochordata) are the same thing as ________.
amphioxus
103
______ has the highest metabolic rate of all vertebrates.
birds
104
Agnathans have a _______, but no ______.
mouth; jaw
105
Lampreys and hagfishes (cyclostomes) are _________.
parasitic
106
Gnathostome=________.
jawed mouth
107
Evolutionary link between fishes and amphibians
Ichthyostega (extinct)
-the genus name literally means "fish with legs" which represents a fossil transitional form of a fish w/ amphibian-like characteristics. other fossils exist
108
Class Amphibia
-name means "dual life"
-transitional group moving from water on to land
-reproduce in water
-internal fertilization does not occur in this group, but rather amplexus-which involves the male and female getting close, then releasing their gametes into the water where fertilization takes place
-use skin (integument) for respiration, so it must be kept moist
-most amphibians rarely active in hottest portions of the day-most preferring nighttime for their highest activity periods
-once fertilized, the tadpole larva swims around like a fish, but in frogs eventually undergoes a metamorphosis to turn into land-dwelling individual
109
Other Important Features of Class Amphibia
-notochord replaced by vertebrae
-3-chambered heart
-tetrapods (4 limbs)
-smooth, moist skin
-water for reproduction
-amplexus->tadpole->larva->metamorphosis (thyroid)
110
Order Urodela
-class amphibia
-body with head, trunk, and tail
-salamanders
111
Order Anura
-class amphibia
-body with fused head and trunk, no tail
-frogs and toads
112
Order Apoda
-class amphibia
-worm-like body, no legs or limbs
-caecilians
113
Class Reptilia
-truly conquer land
-tough, dry, scaly skin
-internal fertilization
-3-chambered heart in most
-4-chambered heart in some
-lungs well-developed
-limbs well-developed
-shelled egg: amnion, allantois, chorion, yolk sac
114
Amnion
fluid filled cavity that cushions against mechanical shock and dehydration
115
Chorion
membrane below the shell that is the site of gas exchange between the embryo and air
116
Yolk Sac
contains nutrients that are transported to the embryo via blood vessels
117
Allantois
stores metabolic waste
118
Order Rhychocephalia
-class reptilia
-tuatara
-possess a "third eye" via the pineal gland which is exposed to light directly via a translucent membrane in the skull
-humans also have this gland, but it is not directly exposed to light, but rather receives nerve signals from our eyes. in response this gland produces melatonin which helps maintain cycles involved in sleep
119
Order Crocodilia
-class reptilia
-crocodiles and alligators
120
Order Squamata
-class reptilia
-snakes and lizards
121
Order Testudines
-class reptilia
-turtles and tortoises
122
Evolutionary link between reptiles and mammals
therapsids, extinct
123
Evolutionary link between reptiles and birds
archosaurs, extinct
124
Class Aves
-paleotogical and molecular evidence suggest that birds are merely modified reptiles
-feathers and scales
-skeleton w/ air cavities
-beak w/o teeth
-archaeopterx
-4-chambered heart
-body temperature regulation
-keeled/flat sternum
-uropygial gland
-lungs partitioned for efficient respiration
125
Homeothermy
-maintaining a relatively constant body temperature; sometimes called "warm-blooded"
126
Heterothermy
body temp basically matches that of the external environment; sometimes called "cold-blooded"
127
Endothermy
using internal, physiological mechanisms (ex. sweating, shivering, changes in blood flow to superficial tissues) to maintain homeothermy
-birds, mammals and possibly dinosaurs are/were homeothermic via endothermy
128
Ectothermy
using behavioral and environmental conditions to maintain homeothermy
-extant reptiles (such as lizards moving in/out of sun/shade) may actually be homeothermic (to an extent) via ectothermy
129
Keeled Sternum
-carinates have keeled (perpendicular plate) sternum used for the attachment/development of large pectoral musculature used in flying birds
130
Flat Sternum
ratites have a flat sternum, thus, the pectoral muscles are not as developed
-generally flightless birds
131
Uropygial Gland
many birds have these oil glands to coat their feathers, especially important for birds that dive into the water occasionally for food (prevents feathers from getting soaked/heavy)
132
Subclass Archaeonithes
-class aves
-fossil birds
133
Subclass Neornithes
-class aves
-modern birds
134
Class Mammalia
-highly successful group w/ representative in most habitats; includes humans
-hair
-integument with glands
-mammary glands
-sebaceous (oil) glands
-sweat glands
-dentition specialized
-jaw bones->ear ossicles (incus, malleus, stapes)
-homeothermic via endothermy
-4-chambered heart
-reproductive types-egg layers, marsupials, placentals
135
Presence of some of shelled eggs, scales, and cloaca demonstrate close evolutionary relationship of mammals to _______ and ________. These and developmental characteristics are used to classify mammals.
birds and reptiles
136
Subclass Prototheria
-class mammalia
-monotremes (egg-layers)
-duckbill platypus and spiny anteater (=echidna)
137
Subclass Theria
-class mammalia
-metatherians->marsupials, opossum, kangaroos, koalas
-eutherians->placentals, numerous orders
138
Prosmians
lemurs
139
Anthropoids
monkeys, apes, and humans
140
Hominoids
apes vs. humans
141
Fossil Records of the Earliest Humans
-ardipithecus ramidus
-australopithicus afarensis (lucy)`
142
Out of Africa
based on the discovery of the earliest fossils, human origins can be traced to africa
143
The 3 ear ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) developed from the ________.
Hyoid arches
144
Ampullae of Lorenzini
detect electrical fields as all organisms produce one
145
The liver is primarily a ________ organ.
digestive
146
The notochord is replaced in fishes when you reach the ________.
Teleosts
147
All amphibians reproduce in water (T/F)
False, almost all amphibians reproduce in water.
148
The _______ gland is very important for growth and development.
thyroid
149
Salamanders (order urodela) have a _______ tail.
visible
150
Salamanders can be paedomorphic because they retain ______ and ______. (either through neoteny or progenesis)
larvae and gills
151
Did humans and dinosaurs coexist?
No! They missed each other by 62-63 million years.
152
Feathers evolved mainly for _______, not flight.
thermoregulation
153
Birds mainly have ______ bones.
spongy
154
_________ have one of the highest metabolic rates on the planet.
hummingbirds
155
Dentition
-teeth
-specialized in mammals to be omnivorous
156
Humans can be homeotherms via ectothermy and endothermy. (T/F)
True!
157
_________ are the only mammals with a cloaca.
Monotremes
158
__________ ____________ is the oldest fossil from the split between humans and apes.
Arthipidecus ramidus
159
Homo habilus
-handy man
-first humans to use tools
160
Order Monotremata
-class mammalia
-platypuses, echidnas
-lay eggs
-no nipples
-young suck milk from the fur of the mother
161
Order Marsupialia
-class mammalia
-kangaroos, opossums, koalas
-completes embryonic development in pouch on mother's body
162
Order Carnivora
-class mammalia
-dogs, wolves, bears, cats, weasels, otters, seals, walruses
-sharp, pointed canine teeth and molars for shearing
-carnivorous
163
Order Cetacea
-class mammalia
-whales, dolphins, porpoises
-aquatic
-stream-lined body
-paddle-like forelimbs and no hind limbs
-thick layer of insulating blubber
-carnivorous
164
Order Chiroptera
-class mammalia
-bats
-adapted for flight
-broad skinfold that extends from elongated fingers to body and legs
-carnivorous or herbivorous
165
Order Primates
-class mammalia
-lemurs, monkeys, chimpanzees,, gorillas, humans
-opposable thumbs
-foward-facing eyes
-well-developed cerebral cortex
-omnivorous
166
Hypothesis "A"
This theory suggests that ancestral vertebrates may have evolved from the Subphylum Cephalochordata.
167
Hypothesis "B"
This theory suggests that the ancestral vertebrates may have evolved from the larvae of Subphylum Urochordata.
168
Eggs of birds have _____ and ______ shells
calcareous and inflexible
169
Non-avian reptiles' eggs have _______ ________ shells.
leather flexible
170
The water vascular system is used for _________, __________, and _________.
locomotion, feeding, and respiration
171
Dorsal hollow nerve cord develops from the _______.
ectoderm
172
Urochordates and Cephalochordates are ______-______.
filter-feeders
173
What is the most abundant excretory system?
malpighian tubules
