Unit 4 Flashcards

(63 cards)

1
Q

What 2 groups of animals does the Primatomorpha include?

A

The dermaptera and primates

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2
Q

What are the dermapteras?

A

Small group of Southeast Asian gliding mammals

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3
Q

What 2 groups are the primates divided into?

A

Wet nose (strepsirrhines) and dry nose (haplorhines)

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4
Q

Lemurs, galagos, lorisids are a part of the __ group of primates

A

Wet-nose (strepsirrhines)

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5
Q

Tarsiers, monkeys, and apes are part of the __ group of primates

A

Dry-nose (haplorhines)

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6
Q

The __ are a group including monkeys and apes

A

Simians

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7
Q

Baboons, macaques, gibbons, great apes, humans are the ____ primates

A

Old world catarrhines (narrow-nosed)

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8
Q

Capuchins, howler and squirrel monkeys are the ___ primates

A

New world platyrrhines (flat-nosed)

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9
Q

What percent of all mammals are rodents?

A

40%

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10
Q

Glires include ___ and ___

A

Rodentia and lagomorpha

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11
Q

Phylogenetics attempts to determine evolutionary relationships between ___

A

Taxa

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12
Q

What is a clade?

A

The common ancestor and all of its descendants

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13
Q

A ___ is when a phylogeny only shows relationships among species

A

Cladogram

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14
Q

Terms of a phylogenetic tree

A
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15
Q

___ indicate a point in a phylogeny where the lineage splits

A

Nodes

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16
Q

___ are the terminal end of an evolutionary tree

A

Tips

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17
Q

What is the pattern of branching of a phylogenetic tree called?

A

Topology

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18
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

A clade – group made up of an organism and all its descendants

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19
Q

What is a polyphyletic group?

A

A group of species with different common ancestors

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20
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

A group that contains a common ancestor but not all of the descendants

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21
Q

What is phenetics?

A

Grouping taxa together based on their overall similarities. Assumes that more closely related taxa should be similar

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22
Q

What are 2 problems with the phenetic method?

A

Unequal evolutionary rates and homoplasy

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23
Q

What is homoplasy?

A

Similarity in a trait not due to shared descent

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24
Q

What is cladistic phylogenetics?

A

Grouping species together because they share ancestral (plesiomorphic) or derived (apomorphic) characters

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25
What is homoplasy caused by?
Parallelism/convergence and reversal
26
What is maximum parsimony?
Choosing a tree with the fewest number of changes
27
What is maximum likelihood?
Choosing a tree with highest probability of the model Assumes explicit model of evolution
28
What is the comparative method?
Comparing the pattern of variation across species to understand the evolution of a trait
29
How many species are on earth?
About 8.7 million
30
What is speciation?
Biological process by which a single lineage of organisms splits into 2 distinct species
31
What is species concept?
A scientifically relevant and applicable definition of a species
32
Morphological species concept
A species is based on a body shape and similarities in structure
33
Problems with morphological species concept
Sexual dimorphism Phenotypic differences within a species Taxa that are morphologically similar but distinct in other ways
34
Ecological species concept
A species is a group adapted to a particular set of resources in its environment
35
Problems with ecological species concept
Different populations in a species having different niches
36
Phylogenetic species concept
A species is the smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other sets Members must share common descent
37
Problems with phylogenetic species concept
Phylogenies are hypotheses Difficult to determine degree of difference for each species
38
Biological species concept
Species are a population that are reproductively isolated from other groups Gene flow within species
39
Problems with biological species concept
Asexually reproducing species Extinct taxa Natural hybridization occurs Allopatric populations possibly being able to mate with each other
40
What are ring species?
2 populations that don't interbreed are connected by a loop of populations that are interbreeding Explained by biological species concept well
41
Most evolutionary biologists believe ____ species concept is the most useful
Biological species concept is most useful
42
Anagenesis
When 1 species evolves into another over a long period of time Does not increase biodiversity
43
Cladogenesis
When 1 species splits into 2 species
44
Cladogenesis 3 steps
1. Genetic isolation of different populations 2. Genetic divergence of each population when in isolation (migration is 0) 3. Reproductive isolation (no gene flow)
45
Prezygotic isolating barrier
Prevents initial formation of zygote
46
Postzygotic isolating barrier
Barrier after the formation of the hybrid zygote Limits fitness of the hybrid
47
Examples of intrinsic postzygotic barriers
Hybrid sterility, hybrid inviability
48
Examples of extrinsic postzygotic barriers
Behavioral sterility, ecological inviability
49
Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities
Negative epistasis Hybrid of 2 species will have negative epistatic interactions between alleles that arose independently in each species
50
Haldane's Rule
When one sex of the offspring of a hybrid cross is absent, then that sex is the heterogametic sex (XY)
51
Examples of prezygotic barriers (5)
Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation Habitat isolation Behavioral isolation Temporal isolation
52
What is reinforcement?
Natural selection strengthening species boundaries after secondary contact
53
The Ecdysozoans includes all animals that grow by ___
Ecdysis (animals thats molt their exoskeleton)
54
Arthropods represent more than ___ of all described animal species
80%
55
Character displacement
Changes that occur when 2 similar species inhabit same environment
56
Allopatric speciation
Occurs when a species separates to 2 groups that are isolated from each other
57
Parapatric speciation
Partial physical separation of populations
58
Sympatric speciation
No physical separation of populations
59
Sympatric and parapatric speciation require...
Strong selection or polyploidization
60
What is polyploidization?
Causes by nondisjunction of chromosomes during mitosis or meiosis Results in instant speciation Common in plants, rare in animals
61
What is required for sympatric speciation?
- Niche preference differences - Niche adaptation - Assortative mating
62
Neogene period
23 - 2.6 million years ago Early primates and early humans
63
Quaternary period
2.6 million years ago to present