Unit 4 Flashcards

Question

BRAIN & HORMONES INTERACT IN FEEDING pt 2

Answer 1

Arcuate Nucleus (AN)- Bunch of cell bodies & neurons -Receive signals about GLC lvls from insulin & other signals -Fat cell, leptin (hormone), released from adipose tissue *Generally inhibits feeding hormone *Those obese have leptin insensitivity, INC feeding

Answer 2

Gut hormones: ST energy -Stomach → Ghrelin → hungry -Intestines → PYY336 → stop eating *PYY336 low in obese ppl

Answer 3

POMC Neurons- Inhibit appetite / = satiety NPY- Stimulates appetite / = hunger -Can inhibit POMC -Ghrelin activates, causing feeding

Answer 4

Insulin & PYY336 inhibit feeding. They dot not activate POMC, they inhibit NPY, DEC appetite Leptin stimulates POMC while inhibiting NPY, DEC feeding Feeding is a balance of 2nd order neurons -Lateral Hypothalamic = Orexigenic = INC appetite -PVN (Para ventricular nucleus) = anorexigenic = DEC appetite NST (Nucleus of Solitary Tract) = integrate signal from gut & brain -Comes in from GI tract

Answer 5

Orexin- Has receptors in hypothalamus ⇅ - STIMULATE feeding in animals Anandamide- Body's THC -CB1 (in brain) & CB2 receptors

Answer 6

Tremors of hands & face at rest -Rigid walking -"mask like" appearance - no face muscle control -Apraxia - Difficulty engaging in effortful movement

Answer 7

1-2% of US ages 65&+ -Rare but not never in Y-A M x2.5 more than F to get -Possibly from working in hazardous environments

Answer 8

Genes Defect in genes that encode for -Alpha-synuclein *Found in synaptic buttons *Releases n/t (Not enough DP) -Parkin *Degrades unneeded proteins

Answer 9

Defects in either gene leading to accumulation of alpha-synuclein -Forms Lewy bodies, screwing up neurons *Mitochondria cannot power neuron, killing it

Answer 10

Midbrain! Degeneration of DA containing cells in substantia niagra Dopaminergic neurons project to striatum -DA to striatum controls voluntary movement

Answer 11

-Agonist at DA receptors (No work well) -MAOIs (INC DA activity) -LDOPA *Precursor for DA *Can cross BBB (DA cannot) *Side effects: Tolerance, hallucinations, INC libido *Only treats symptoms, not cell death -DBS- Pacemaker stimulates striatum (axon terminal from substantia niagra) to release DA

Answer 12

Postmortem examinations reveal DA loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and the consequent loss of DA in the striatum in the brains of PD patients. -Exercise restores BDNF levels and has has neuroprotective effects against the neurotoxicity induced by 6-OHDA. -No BDNF = No TH -TH decrease in both SED group and SED + K252a group -When K252a added, all groups that received 6-OHDA showed decreases of TH levels. -intermittent treadmill exercise employed an increase of BDNF levels -Treadmill running at 5 days/week during 18 weeks DEC dopaminergic cell loss, INC dopamine and its transporter expression, and consequently improves balance and motor coordination -The intermittent exercise protocol could be more beneficial than continuous exercise, in addition to being closer to the exercise protocols undertaken in PD patients.

Answer 13

-TH in the CPu, and showed reduced motor symptoms -treadmill exercise = changes in BDNF lvls = activate TrkB-dependent mechanisms (related to survival of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons) -blockade BDNF–TrkB signaling = worsened neuroprotective effects of exercise after K252a injection -Physical activity INC serum BDNF, which cross the blood–brain barrier, and may decrease the PD risk

Answer 14

Auditory hallucinations Highly personalized delusions Changes in affect (emotion)

Answer 15

Exaggerated “rebound” psychosis when antipsychotic meds are reduced, probably as a consequence of the up-regulation of receptors during drug treatment

Answer 16

Use of energy for -Heat production -Maintenance of membrane potentials -All the other basic life-sustaining functions of the body.

Answer 17

Triggered by sights, smells, and tastes that we have learned to associate with food

Answer 18

Food entering the digestive tract prompts an additional release of insulin

Answer 19

As digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream, gluco-detectors detect the increase in circulating glucose and signal the pancreas to release still more insulin

Answer 20

Orexigenic neurons promote feeding behavior. Anorexigenic neurons inhibit feeding behavior.

Answer 21

Peptide hormone released by gut after ingestion of food high in protein and/or fat.

Unit 4 Flashcards

(45 cards)