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AP Biology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Life of a cell form its formation until it devied

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2
Q

Histones

A

Protein found in chromatin

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3
Q

Nucleosomes

A

DNA gets warps in Histones(Protein)

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4
Q

Chromatin is non-condensed

A

Cell is not actively dividing

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5
Q

Chromatin

A

String of nucleosomes

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

Visible in prophase, after DNA replication, chromosomes condenses

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7
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Copies of chromosomes joint together

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8
Q

Centromere

A

Region of a chromosomes to which the microtubules of the spindle attach(Kinetochore and mitotic spindle microtubules attach)

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9
Q

Kinetochore

A

Protein that’s link each sister chromatids in centromere. Microtubules spindle can attach to it.

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10
Q

Genome

A

All cells genetic information

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11
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Single, circular DNA

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12
Q

Eukaryotes

A

one or more linear chromosomes

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13
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Two identical chromosomes

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14
Q

Stomatic Cell

A

Two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent(2n)

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15
Q

Gametes Cells

A

Reproductive cells(egg/sperms)(n)

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16
Q

Interphase

A

G1-> S -> G2 -> M

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17
Q

G1 phase

A

“First Gap” phase: Cell growth and carries out normal function

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18
Q

S phase

A

“Synthesis” phase: DNA replication and chromosomes duplicate occurs

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19
Q

G2 phase

A

“Second Gap” phase: final growth and preparation for mitosis

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20
Q

Mitosis

A

nuclear divides
Results: 2 doughter cells

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21
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides

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22
Q

Prophase

A

*Chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled.
*Duplicated chromosomes appears as two identical sister chromatids joined at their centromeres.
*Mitotic spindle begins to from
*Centrosomes move away from each other
* Sister chromatids going to condense chromosomes, DNA wraps with histone.

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23
Q

Prometaphase

A

*Microtubules extending from each centrosomes
*Chromosomes become more condensed
* Two chromatids of each chromosomes now have Kinetochore
*Some Microtubules are attached to Kinetochore
*non-kinetochore microtubules interact with those form the opposite poles of the spindle

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24
Q

Metaphase

A

*Sister chromatids are lined up in middle, metaphase plate
* Kinetochore microtubules comes out from centrosomes bind to kinetochore in the centromere of chromosomes
*Centrosomes at opposite poles of the cell

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25
Anaphase
*Sister chromatids split, when the cohesion protein are cleaved. *Microtubules goes through depolymerization(Shorter) kinetochore
25
Telophase and Cytokinesis
*Two daughters nuclei form *nucleoli reappear *Chromosomes become less condensed *Division of cytoplasm(Animals: Cleavage furrow, pinch)
26
G1 checkpoint
Checks: cell growth, growth factor, DNA damage Stops: enters G0 stage
27
G0 stage
Some cell stay in forever(muscle or nerves) but some can be called back into cell cycle(liver)
28
G2 checkpoint
Check: completion of DNA replication and DNA damage Stop: attempt to repair damage
29
Apoptosis
damage can not be repaired Suicide of the cell
30
M(Spindle) checkpoint
Check: microtubules attachment to chromosomes at the kinetochores at metaphase Stops: let spindles finish attaching to chromosomes
31
Cyclins
A family of proteins that have no enzymatic activity of their own but activate CDKs by binding to them
32
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases(CDKs)
Once Activated it target protein, which helps regulate key events in the cell cycle
33
Growth Factors
Hormones released by cell that stimulate cell growth
34
Contact(or density) inhibition
Cells stop G1 phase( cells growing) when they are in contact with another cell
35
Anchorage Dependence
Cells rely on attachment to other cells or else it divids
36
Benign Tumor
Cells are unable to spread elsewhere in the body
37
Malignant tumor
cells that grow uncontrollably and spread locally and/or to distant sites
38
Metasis
Cell separates and spread
39
Negative Feedback
Reduces the effect of the stimulus
40
Positive Feedback
Increases the effect of a stimulus
41
Signal Transduction
internal cellular changes Activation or deactivation of enzymes Phosphorylation by kinases Secondary messengers amplify the signal
42
Homologous
Same relation
43
cAMP
44
Autocrine
cells signal themselves with their own receptors and ligands
45
Proto-oncogenes
Regulate apoptosis in the cell cycle
46
Local Regulators
Release chemical message that travel a short distance
47
Paracrine Signaling
growth factors signal near by
48
Synaptic Signaling
Occurs in animal nervous system
49
Long Distance Signaling
signals are produced by specialized cells and released into the bloodstream, which carries them to target cells in distant parts of the body.
50
Juxtacrine
Contact dependent
51
Plant Long Distance
Vascular Tissue or through the air to reach target tissues
52
Endocrine
Hormonal, travel through bloodstream
53
Reception
Detection and receiving of a ligand by a receptor in the target cell
54
Ligand
signal molecule
55
Receptor
bind to ligand to get a response
56
Plasma Membrane Receptors
Bind to ligand that are polar and large (GPCR and Ligan gate channel)
57
Intracellular Receptors
Cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell bind ligan to pass through the plasma membrane (hydrophobic)
58
Transduction
Conversion of extracellular signal to an intercellular signal that will bring about a cellular response
59
Protein Kinase
Adding Phosphate
60
Protein Phosphatase
Removing Phosphate
61
Second Messenger
small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell-surface receptors to effector proteins.
62
Response
Final molecule in the signaling pathway convert to a response that will alter or cellular process
63
GPCRs
Bind to a G protein that can bind to GTP which is energy molecule similar to ATP
64
Cytoplasmic
Allow G protein to bind to GPCR Activate the GPCRs and G protein
65
Ion Channels
Opens gate when ligand is attached to GPCR, allowing ion to go in.

AP Biology (2 decks)

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