Unit 4 Flashcards
(178 cards)
0
Q
There are at least two neurons, which interpose between the central to somatic effectors. True/False
A
False - visceral effectors
1
Q
The splanchnic component of the autonomic nervous system innervates all of the following, EXCEPT;
a. viscera
b. glands
c. blood vessels
d. striated muscle.
A
D. Striated muscle
2
Q
Axons of the primary neurons of the autonomic nervous system are usually unmyelinated and pass to the peripheral ganglia. True/False
A
False - myelinated
3
Q
The disproportion between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons is lesser in the parasympathetic system than in the sympathetic system. True/False
A
True
Parasympathetic - 1:15-20
Sympathetic - 1:196
4
Q
The disproportion between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system is 1:____________.
A
1:15-20
5
Q
Which of the following has the largest disproportion between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons?
a. Somatic efferent nervous system
b. Sympathetic nervous system
c. Parasympathetic nervous system
d. Branchial efferent nervous system
A
B. Sympathetic nervous system
6
Q
The visceral afferent paths resemble somatic efferent paths.
True/False
A
False - somatic afferent
7
Q
The parasympathetic preganglionic efferent fibers emerge through all of the following, EXCEPT
a. oculomotor nerve
b. trigeminal nerve
c. vagus
d. first sacral nerve.
A
B. Trigeminal nerve
8
Q
The sympathetic preganglionic efferent fibers appear through all thoracic and first, second and/or third lumbar spinal nerves, which is known as ____ out flow.
A
Thoracolumbar
9
Q
What nerves are included in the sympathetic preganglionic efferent fibers out flow?
A
T1-L2 or L3
10
Q
The enteric nervous system contains all of the following reflex path ways, EXCEPT;
a. striated muscular contraction
b. digestive enzyme secretion
c. peristalsis reflex
d. blood flow
A
a. striated muscular contraction
11
Q
All of the following carries myelinated preganglionic parasympathetic axons, EXCEPT;
a. facial nerve
b. accessory cranial nerve
c. third sacral spinal nerve
d. trigeminal nerve
A
D. Trigeminal nerve
12
Q
All of the following are peripheral ganglia of the cranial part of the parasympathetic system, EXCEPT;
a. otic ganglion
b. genicular ganglion
c. submandibular ganglion
d. ciliary ganglion.
A
B. Genicular ganglion
13
Q
Name the nerve, which carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the constrictor pupillae.
A
Short ciliary nerve of the ciliary ganglion
14
Q
Name the nerve, which carries facial preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the main facial trunk.
A
Chorda tympani
15
Q
Name two branches of the facial nerve, which carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
A
Chorda tympani
Greater petrosal nerve
16
Q
Which of the following nerves mainly carries the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the main facial nerve trunk to the lacrimal gland?
a. Posterior auricular nerve
b. Chorda tympani
c. Greater petrosal nerve
d. Nerve to the stapedius
A
C. Greater petrosal nerve
17
Q
Name the branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
A
Tympanic nerve
18
Q
Which of the following ganglia is not a peripheral ganglion for the cranial parasympathetic nerve?
a. Genicular ganglion
b. Submandibular ganglion
c. Otic ganglion
d. Pterygopalatine ganglion
A
A. Genicular ganglion
19
Q
The pulmonary branch of the vagus is bronchiodilator. True/False
A
False
20
Q
The pelvic splanchnic nerves supply vasodilator fibers to all of the following, EXCEPT;
a. corpora cavernosa
b. corpus spongiosum
c. glans of the penis
d. prepuce
A
D. Prepuce
21
Q
Name the branch of the facial nerve, which carries the preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to control small glands in the nasal cavity, palates, and nasal sinuses above the oral cavity.
A
Greater petrosal nerve
22
Q
Name the branch of the facial nerve, which carries the preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to control the salivary glands and lingual glands below the oral cavity.
A
Chorda tympani
23
Q
Name the branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which carries the parasympathetic efferent fibers to the parotid gland.
A
Auriculotemporal nerve
24
The disproportion or ratio of the sympathetic nervous system between the preganglionic and postganglionic fibers is _________.
1:196
25
```
The sympathetic system innervates all of the following, EXCEPT
A. Sweat glands.
B. The ciliary body
C. The arrectores pilorum.
D. The constrictor pupillae.
```
D. The constrictor pupillae
26
Name the spinal cord segments where the somata of the preganglionic sympathetic fibers arise.
T1-L2 or L3
27
What is the size in diameter of the axons of the white ramus communicant?
1.5-4 microns
28
Name the spinal cord segments of the outflow of the sympathetic nervous system.
Thoracolumbar region (T1-L1 or L3)
29
How many white rami communicans arise from the thoracic spinal nerve?
11
30
The sympathetic preganglionic fibers pass in the ventral spinal root as myelinated fibers. True/False
True
31
To reach a sympathetic ganglion, the preganglionic sympathetic fibers behave as following, EXCEPT;
A. They synapse in the nearest ganglion.
B. They transverse the nearest ganglia to reach the celiac ganglion to synapse.
C. They transverse the nearest ganglia and ascend or descend in the sympathetic chain to reach another ganglion for synapse.
D. They transverse the sympathetic chain ganglia and reach the effecter organs to synapse.
D. They transverse the sympathetic chain ganglia and reach the effecter organs to synapse.
32
The postganglionic sympathetic fibers return to the spinal nerves through the (white/grey) rami communicans.
Grey ramus communicans
33
Most peripheral nerves contain postganglionic parasympathetic fibers. True/False
False - sympathetic
34
Peripheral autonomic activity is integrated at the brainstem which includes all of the following, EXCEPT;
a. limbic system
b. thalamus
c. hypophysis
d. hypothalamus.
C. Hypophysis
35
The internal carotid plexus communicates laterally with all of the following, EXCEPT;
a. pterygopalatine ganglion
b. ciliary ganglion
c. tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
d. abducent nerve.
B. Ciliary ganglion
36
Name the nerve which sends vasomotor rami to the hypophysis cerebri.
Branches of the internal carotid plexus
37
Name the artery on which the right and left sympathetic system connects each other in the cranial cavity.
Anterior communicating artery
38
Name the sympathetic nerve which supplies the carotid body and pharyngeal plexus.
laryngopharyngeal branches of the medial branch of the superior cervical ganglion
39
The largest sympathetic cardiac nerve arises from the ______ ganglia.
middle cervical ganglion or sympathetic trunk
40
Name the sympathetic nerve which supplies the otic ganglion and to the genicular ganglion.
Middle meningeal plexus from the anterior branch of the superior cervical ganglion
41
Name the ganglia, which send branches to enclose the vertebral artery.
middle and cervicothoracic ganglia
42
Name the spinal cord segments which send the preganglionic sympathetic fibers to the head and neck.
T1-T5
43
Name the sympathetic nerve which loops the first part of the subclavian artery
Ansa subclavia from the middle cervical ganglion
44
The thoracic sympathetic trunk passes through the ___ to become lumbar sympathetic trunk.
Crus of the diaphragm or behind the medial arcuate ligament
45
```
The thoracic sympathetic trunk passes through or posterior to following structures, EXCEPT
a Medial arcuate ligament.
b Right crus of the diaphragm.
c. Lateral arcuate ligament
d. Left crus of the diaphragm.
```
C. Lateral arcuate ligament - subcostal or T12 nerve
46
The greater splanchnic nerve is formed by branches from the T5 to T9 or T10 ganglia. True/False
True
47
Name the thoracic sympathetic ganglia which form the lesser splanchnic nerve.
T9 and T10 ganglia
48
The lowest splanchnic nerve enters the abdominal cavity through the____.
Crus of the diaphragm or behind the medial arcuate ligament
49
How many lumbar sympathetic ganglia are in the human body on each side?
four
50
All of the following are correct description about the lumbar sympathetic ganglia and trunk, EXCEPT
a. Located in the retroperitoneal space.
b. Located anterolateral to the lumbar vertebra.
c. Located along the lateral margin of the psoas major.
d. Superiorly it is posterior to the medial arcuate ligament.
C located along the lateral margin of the psoas major
51
The first lumbar splanchnic nerve joins the following plexuses, EXCEPT
a. Celiac plexus.
b. Intermesenteric plexus.
c. renal plexus.
d. superior hypogastric plexus.
D Superior hypogastric plexus
52
Name the nerve which joins the hypogastric nerve from the lumbar sympathetic chain ganglia.
fourth lumbar splanchnic nerve
53
Name the artery on which the lower lumbar splanchnic nerves form a plexus.
a. Common iliac artery c. External iliac artery
b. Internal iliac artery d. Obturator nerve
a. Common iliac artery
54
The pelvic sympathetic trunk locates medial to the ventral sacral foramina. True/False
True
55
Which of the following is not a correct description of the pelvic sympathetic trunk with its ganglia?
a It sends grey rami communicantes to the sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves.
b It lies laterally to the ventral sacral foramina.
c It has four or five interconnected ganglia.
d Inferiorly the right and left trunk converge to the ganglion impar.
b It lies laterally to the ventral sacral foramina
56
The ganglion impar is the part of the parasympathetic nervous system. True/False
False
| Sympathetic nervous system
57
The heart receives the sympathetic fibers from the
a. T1 – T5
b. T10 – L2
c. T9 – T10
d. T8 – L1
a. T1 – T5
58
The segmental sympathetic nerves to the kidney are;
a. T11 – L2
b. T11 – T12
c. T1 – T5
d. T10 – L1
d. T10 – L1
59
Name the two interconnecting ganglionated plexuses in the enteric nervous system.
Myenteric or Auerbach's plexus
| Submucous or Meissner's and Henle's plexus
60
The submucous plexus extends from ____ to the ____.
stomach to the internal anal sphincter
61
Which of the following extends from the stomach to the internal anal sphincter in the enteric nervous system?
a. Celiac plexus
b. Intermesenteric plexus
c. Submucous plexus
d. Myenteric plexus
c. Submucous plexus
62
What do the enteric sensory neurons monitor?
Intestinal wall tension
Intestinal contents
Interneurons link to monitor neurons to change the activity of the intestine
63
The range of the visible wavelength are _______.
400 to 700 nanometers
64
The eye can responds to: (4)
varying luminance
sensitivity of form
Movement
Distance
65
The functions or modalities of an eye include: (5)
```
Sensitivity to minute changes in luminosity
Dark-adapted scoptic vision
Discrimination of form
Discrimination of movement
Color in light-adapted photopic vision
```
66
The paired eyes can perform: (3)
Panoramic vision
binocular vision
stereoscopic vision
67
The lateral walls of the two orbits diverge at approximately ____________ degree.
90
68
Name the mucous membrane, which lines the inner surface of the eyelids.
Conjunctiva
69
Name the fibrous tissue extends from the orbital margin to the eyelids to protect the orbital contents.
Orbital septum
70
Name the bone(s), which form(s) the superior wall or roof of the orbit.
Orbital part of the frontal bone
| Lesser wing of the sphenoid
71
```
All of the following form the medial wall of the orbit, EXCEPT
A. ethmoid bone.
B. lacrimal bone.
C. sphenoid bone.
D. palatine bone.
```
D palatine bone
72
Name the feature, which is located between the lateral and inferior orbital walls.
Inferior orbital fissure
73
The apex of the orbit is in the ____________ of __________ bone.
lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
74
Name the bones, which form the base of the orbital margin.
Frontal
Zygomatic
Maxillary
75
The periorbita is continuous with the dura mater through the ______ and _____.
Optic canal
| Superior orbital fissure
76
Name the transparent structure, which is attached to the anterior surface of the eyeball.
bulbar conjunctiva
77
The conjunctival sac is the space bounded by the ______ and ______.
palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae
78
The palpebral portion of the orbicularis oculi is in the connective tissue between the ___ and _____.
Tarsi and the skin of the eyelids
79
The tarsal glands are located in the superior and inferior ______.
tarsi
80
The ciliary glands are located in the margin of the _______.
eyelids
81
Name the enzyme, which is bacteriocidal in the lacrimal fluid. __________
Lysozyme
82
The orbital and palpebral parts of the lacrimal gland are divided by _______.
Tendon of the Levator palpebra superioris
83
Name the structure which conveys the lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal sac to the inferior nasal meatus.
Nasolacrimal duct
84
The outer fibrous layer of the eyeball is consisted of the ______ and _____.
Sclera
| Cornea
85
Name the structure which covers the anterior one sixth of the outer fibrous layer of the eyeball.
Cornea
86
The vascular layer of the eyeball is called as _______.
Uvea
87
The vascular layer of the eyeball is consists of the _____, _____ and ____.
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris
88
Within the choroid, larger vessels are located internally. True/False
False
| Externally
89
The ciliary body is connected anteriorly with ______ and posteriorly with ______.
iris
| choroid
90
The anterior chamber of the eye is the space between the _____ anteriorly and ______ posteriorly.
cornea
| iris and pupil
91
Sympathetic responses to the pupil are faster than the parasympathetical responses. True/False
False
92
Name the single layer of cells that reinforce the light-absorbing property of the choroid in reducing the scattering of light in the eyeball. _______________
Pigment cell layer of the optic part of the retina
93
Name two features on the fundus of the eyeball.
Optic disc or optic papilla
| Macula lutea
94
The optic disc is sensitive to color. True/False
False it is the blind spot
95
Name the feature that is specialized for acuity of vision. ____
Fovea centralis of the Macula lutea
96
The functional optic part of the retina terminates anteriorly along the ___________.
Ora serrata
97
Name the main artery that supplies the retina. _______ of __________
Central artery of the ophthalmic artery
98
Name the refractive media of the eyeball which pass through the light waves to the retina, in sequence.
```
Cornea
Aqueous humor
Lens
vitreous humor
Retina
```
99
The cornea is innervated by the ____ of ____.
long ciliary nerve of the nasociliary nerve of the ophthalmic nerve
100
Name two veins through which the aqueous humor is drained through the limbal plexus.
vorticose vein of the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
| anterior ciliary vein of the muscular veins
101
The lens of the eye is anchored by the ___ to the ciliary body.
Zonular fibers aka suspensory ligament of the ciliary body
102
Name the nerve which causes the near vision with the ciliary muscle constriction
Parasympathetic nerve
103
Name two main arteries that supply the eye
Ophthalmic artery of internal carotid artery
| Maxillary artery of external carotid
104
The central vein of the retina drains into the _______ or ________.
Cavernous sinus
| Superior ophthalmic vein
105
The paralysis of the superior tarsal muscle may cause the ________.
Ptosis or drooping of the superior eyelid
106
The glaucoma is caused by decrease drainage of aqueous humor through ___________.
Sclera venous sinus
107
Name the innermost layer of the choroid
Pigmented epithelium
108
Name the entire pathway of the parasympathetic secretomotor nerve from the cranial nucleus to the lacrimal gland in sequence.
```
Superior salivatory nucleus
Nervus intermedius of the facial nerve
Genicular ganglion
Greater petrosal nerve
Nerve to the pterygoid canal
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Ganglionic branch of the maxillary nerve
Maxillary nerve
Zygomatic nerve
Zygomaticotemporal nerve
Lacrimal nerve of the ophthalmic nerve
Lacrimal gland
```
109
Name the entire pathway of the sympathetic postsynaptic motor nerve to the lacrimal gland in sequence.
```
Superior cervical ganglion
Internal carotid nerve
Internal carotid plexus
Deep petrosal nerve
Nerve to the pterygoid canal
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Ganglionic branch of the maxillary nerve
Maxillary nerve
Zygomatic nerve
Zygomaticotemporal nerve
Lacrimal nerve of the ophthalmic nerve
Lacrimal gland
```
110
Name the arteries which supply the auricle.
Posterior auricular artery of the external carotid
| Superficial temporal artery of the external carotid
111
Name the nerve which innervates the cranial surface of the auricle.
Upper cranial surface: Posterior branch of the great auricular nerve
Lower cranial surface: lesser occipital nerve (C2 C3)
112
Lymph from the superior half of the cranial surface of the auricle drains into the:
a. superficial parotid lymph nodes.
b. mastoid lymph nodes.
c. superficial cervical lymph nodes.
d. deep cervical lymph nodes.
a. superficial parotid lymph nodes.
b. mastoid lymph nodes.
d. deep cervical lymph nodes.
113
Name the gland which produces earwax.
Ceruminous glands
114
What is the size in diameter of the tympanic membrane?
About 1 cm
115
The tympanic membrane is the partition between the _____ and ____.
External Acoustic Meatus
| Tympanic cavity of the middle ear
116
Name the shallow central peak of the tympanic membrane.
Umbo
117
The tympanic membrane faces to anterior, inferior and laterally. True/False
True
118
The superior to the lateral process of the malleus attachment on the tympanic membrane is called ______.
Pars flaccid (flaccid part)
119
The remainder of the tympanic membrane besides the pars flaccid is called ______.
Pars tensa (tense part)
120
The external surface of the tympanic membrane is innervated by:
a. auricular nerve. b. tympanic nerve.
c. chorda tympanic. d. caroticotympanic nerve.
A. Auricular nerve of the vagus nerve
121
The internal surface of the tympanic membrane is innervated by the
a. auricular nerve.
b. tympanic nerve.
c. chorda tympanic
d. caroticotympanic nerve.
B. Tympanic nerve of the Glossopharyngeal nerve
122
Name the features on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity features.
Promontory of the labyrinthine wall
Oval window
Round window
123
The space superior to the tympanic membrane in the tympanic cavity is called _____.
Epitympanic recess
124
All of the following are the contents of the middle ear, EXCEPT
a. malleus.
b. incus.
c. stapes
d. modiolus
D. Modiolus
125
Which of the following indicates the floor of the tympanic cavity?
a. tegmental wall
b. jugular wall
c. carotid wall
d. mastoid wall
B. Jugular wall
126
Name the arteries which supply the pharyngotympanic tube.
Ascending pharyngeal artery of the external carotid artery
Middle meningeal artery of the maxillary artery
Artery of the pterygoid canal of the maxillary artery
127
The auditory ossicles transmit the sound wave from ____ to ____ leading to the vestibule of the bony labyrinth.
```
Tympanic membrane
Oval window (fenestra vestibule)
```
128
The ossicles are covered with regular osteogenic periosteum.
| True/False
False
129
Name the part of the malleus that attaches to the flaccid part of the tympanic membrane.
Neck of the malleous
130
Which of the following describes the umbo correctly?
a. Tip of the handle of the malleus
b. Neck of the malleus
c. Tip o the handle of the incus
d. Neck of the stapes
a. Tip of the handle of the malleus
131
The lenticular process of the incus articulates with ____________.
The stapes
132
The tensor tympanic inserts into ___________.
Handle of the malleus
133
The head of the malleus lies in the _____________.
Epitympanic recess
134
The base of the stapes is considerably smaller than the tympanic membrane, as a result the vibratory force of the stapes is increased approximately _____ times over that of the tympanic membrane.
10
135
The auditory ossicles increase the force of the vibrations transmitted from the tympanic membrane. True/False
True but they decrease the amplitude
136
The tensor tympani arises from ____, and inserts to _____.
O: handle of the malleus
I: cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube, greater wing of the sphenoid, and petrous portion of the temporal bone
137
The tensor tympani is innervated by the __________.
Nerve to the medial pterygoid
138
Name the wall where the pyramidal eminence is for the stapedius muscle emergence.
Posterior wall of the tympanic cavity
139
The otic capsule of the internal ear contains _____, _____, and _____.
Cochlea
Vestibule
Semicircular ducts
140
The cochlea is the shell-shaped part of the bony labyrinth that contains _____ for the hearing.
Cochlear duct
141
Name the bony core of the cochlea.
Modiolus
142
The spiral canal of the cochlea begins at the ______ and makes ___ turns around the bony core.
Vestibule
| 2.5 turns
143
The bony core of the cochlea is called ___________.
Modiolus
144
The large basal turn of the cochlea produces the _______ on the labyrinthine wall.
Promontory
145
The large basal turn of the cochlea produces _____, which is part of the labyrinthine wall of the tympanic cavity.
The promontory
146
Name the communicating feature between the basal turn of the cochlea and the subarachnoid space superior to the jugular foramen.
Cochlear aqueduct
147
Name the structure, which close the round window at the basal turn of the cochlea.
Secondary tympanic membrane
148
The vestibule of the bony labyrinth is a small oval chamber that contains the _____ and _____.
Utricle
| Saccule
149
Name the feature, which communicates the vestibule to the posterior cranial fossa.
Aqueduct of the vestibule
150
Name the feature, which transmits the endolymphatic duct.
Vestibular aqueduct
151
How many openings from the semicircular canals to the vestibule?
Five
152
The membranous labyrinth composed of_____ and _____.
Communicating sacs and ducts
153
The vestibular labyrinth contains two small communicating sacs which are known as_____ and _____.
Utricle
| Saccule
154
Name the spiral thickening of the periosteal lining of the cochlear canal, which secures the cochlear duct to the spiral canal of the cochlea.
The spiral ligament
155
Name the feature where the semicircular ducts open through openings.
The utricle
156
Name the feature where the endolymphatic duct arises.
Utricosaccular duct
157
Name the feature which connects the saccule to the cochlear duct, as a uniting duct.
Ductus reuneins
158
The primary sensory neurons of the cochlear ampulae are in _____ ganglia, which are in the internal acoustic meatus.
Vestibular
159
The cochlear duct is a spiral tube, which is firmly suspended across the cochlear canal between the _____ on the external wall of the cochlear canal and the osseous spiral lamina of the modiolus respectively.
Spiral ligament
160
Name the feature of the semilunar communication at the apex of the cochlea between two perilymph-filled spiral canals.
Helicotrema
161
Waves of hydraulic pressure created in the perilymph of the vestibule by the vibration of the base of the stapes ascend to the apex of the cochlea through the _____.
Scala vestibule
162
Waves of hydraulic pressure pass through the apex of the cochlear and then descend back to the basal turn of the cochlea through _____ .
Scala tympani
163
Name the receptor organ of auditory stimuli.
Spiral organ of Corti
164
The receptor organ of auditory stimuli is situated on the _____.
Basilar membrane
165
The receptor organ of auditory stimuli is overlaid by _____.
Gelatinous tectorial membrane
166
Untreated auricular hematoma might result in the _____ or ____.
Cauliflower ear
| Boxer's ear
167
How do you pull the helix to observe the adult’s tympanic membrane for the otoscopic examination?
Posterosuperiorly (up, out and back)
168
An earache and a bulging red tympanic membrane may indicate a sign of _____
Otitis media
169
Infection of the mastoid antrum and mastoid cells from a middle ear infection might cause inflammation of the mastoid process known as _____.
Masoiditis
170
Paralysis of the stapedius is associated with excessive acuteness of hearing called _____ or _____.
Hyperacusis
| Hyperacusia
171
The hyperacusis results from uninhibited movements of the _____.
Stapes
172
Motion sickness results from discordance between ______ and _______ stimulation.
Vestibular
| Visual
173
```
The aqueous humor drains directly into the:
A. Sclera venous sinus.
B. Limbal plexus.
C. Vorticose veins.
D. Anterior ciliary veins.
```
A. Sclera venous sinus
174
The retinal detachment usually results from the fluid accumulation between ___ and ___ layers of the retina.
Neural layer
| Pigment layer
175
The papilledema results from increased intracranial pressure through the subarachnoid space around the optic nerve. True/False
True
176
Horner syndrome results from interruption of ________________.
A cervical sympathetic trunk
177
```
The Honer syndrome includes all of the following, EXCEPT
A. miosis.
B. ptosis.
C. vasodilation.
D. hydrosis.
```
D. Hydrosis
