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MicroPara Lec > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

This is Important for energy and construction

A

MICROBIAL NUTRITION

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2
Q

Nutrients:
• substances used in biosynthesis
• energy production

A

MICROBIAL NUTRITION

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3
Q

Environmental factors important in cultivation

A

MICROBIAL NUTRITION

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4
Q

Biochemical comoponents of Cells

A

• Water: 80 % of wet weight
• Dry weight
~ Protein 40-70 %
~ Nucleic acid 13-34%
~ Lipid 10-15 %
• monomers, intermediates and inorganic ions

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5
Q

Microbial Growth two important keyd

A

• Refers to an increase in cell number, not in cell size.
• Bacteria grow and divide by binary fission, a rapid and relatively simple process.

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6
Q

Requirements for Physical Growth

A
  1. Temperature
  2. pH
  3. Osmotic Pressure
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7
Q

Extremely reactive form of oxygen, present in
phagocytic cells.

A

Singlet Oxygen

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8
Q

Extremely toxic and reactive form of oxygen.

A

Superoxide Free Radicals

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9
Q

Superoxide Free Radicals

A

All organisms growing in atmospheric oxygen must produce an enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), to get rid of them.

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10
Q

made by aerobes, facultative anaerobes, and aerotolerant anaerobes, but not by anaerobes or microaerophiles.

A

superoxide dismutase (SOD)

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11
Q

O2-. + O2-. + 2H+ —–> H2O2 + O2
Superoxide Hydrogen free radicals peroxide

A

SOD REACTION

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12
Q

toxic and the active ingredient of several antimicrobials

A

Peroxide ion

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13
Q

two different enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide:

A

Catalase
Peroxidase

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14
Q

Breaks hydrogen peroxide into water and O2.
Common. Produced by humans, as well as many bacteria.

A

Catalase

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15
Q

Peroxidase

A

Converts hydrogen peroxide into water.

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16
Q

Culturing Microorganisms

A

Culturing Microorganisms
1. Binary fission & sporulation
2. What determines growth?
3. Media Types
4. Batch vs Continuous Culture Growth

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17
Q

Binary Fission in Prokaryotes

A

Chromosome
1. Replicate
2. Separate

Septum
1. Begins to form
2. Form completion
3. Cells separate

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18
Q

Cells genome undergoes replication to form two identical daughter DNAs

A

C Phase

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19
Q

Daughter DNAs separate in a process involving the cell membrane, move to opposite ends of the elongating cell.

A

D Phase

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20
Q

Produces two daughter cells

A

Transverse Fission

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21
Q

Newly synthesized peptidogclyan

A

Rod shaped cell

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22
Q

Regions of Newly synthesized peptidogclyan

A

Cocci Cells

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23
Q

Gives rise to daughter cells

A

Constriction of Z Rings

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24
Q

what happens when stressed or starved?

A

Spore Germination:
activation; germination; outgrowth

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25
abundance and distribution of organisms
Shelford’s Law of Tolerance
26
Shelford’s Law of Tolerance controlled Factors
Temperature Solute Concentration / Water Activity pH (acidity versus alkalinity) Oxygen Concentration Barometric Pressure Electromagnetic Radiation
27
Growth Limiting Resource
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
28
Nutrient in least supply relative to bacterial needs will cap growth yield
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
29
Closed (“batch”) Culture Systems “growth curve”
Lag Phase Exponential Phase Stationary Phase Decline or Cell Death
30
adjustment period; no cell division occurs
Lag Phase
31
Growth Rate; generation time; doubling the number of cells
Exponential Phase
32
no growth, survival period; cell division and cell death is balanced
Stationary phase
33
Death rate exceeds rate of reproduction
Death phase
34
period of unbalanced growth
Lag phase
35
balanced growth, no nutrient limitation
Exponential phase
36
Stationary phase
nutrient exhaustion and accumulation of toxic metabolites • Some of the cells die or lyse • The cells become more resistant to adverse conditions • Synthesis of storage material • Different genes are expressed > secondary metabolites
37
Death phase
n° of cells constant, but viability decreases
38
isolation procedure of one species:
Aseptic
39
Aseptic culture
pure or axenic culture
40
Live in consortia
Many microorganisms cannot be isolated
41
Microbial community
Consortia
42
supply the nutritional needs of microorganisms
Culture media
43
precise amounts of highly purified chemicals
defined medium
44
complex medium
highly nutritious substances.
45
Clinical Microbiology
Selective : contains compounds that selectively inhibit Differential: contains indicator
46
contains compounds that selectively inhibit
Selective
47
contains indicator
Differential
48
Culture Media: Composition
terms that describe media used for the isolation of particular species or for comparative studies of microorganisms.
49
Types of Media
Media can be classified on three primary levels 1. Physical State 2. Chemical Composition 3. Functional Type
50
Physical States of Media
Liquid Media • Semisolid • Solid (Can be converted into a liquid) • Solid (Cannot be converted into a liquid)
51
• Water-based solutions • Do not solidify at temperatures above freezing / tend to be free flowing • Includes broths, milks, and infusions • Measure turbidity
Liquid Media
52
Examples of Liquid Media
53
Nutrient Broth, Methylene Blue Milk, Thioglycollate Broth
54
Exhibits a clot-like consistency at ordinary room temperature
Semi-Solid Media
55
Semi-Solid Media
• Exhibits a clot-like consistency at ordinary room temperature • Determines motility • Used to localize a reaction at a specific site.
56
• Firm surface for discrete colony growth • Advantageous for isolating and culturing
Solid Media
57
Two types of Liquid Media
1. Liquefiable (Reversible) 2. Non-liquefiable
58
Gelatin and Agar (——-) Cooked Meat Media, Potato Slices (——)
Gelatin and Agar (Liquefiable) Cooked Meat Media, Potato Slices (Non-liquefiable)
59
Chemical Composition of Culture Media
Synthetic Media Complex or Non-synthetic Media
60
Synthetic Media
Chemically defined Contain pure organic and inorganic compounds Exact formula (little variation)
61
Contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable (extracts from plants and animals) No exact formula / tend to be general and grow a wide variety of organisms
Complex or Non-synthetic Media
62
Contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of a certain microbe and thereby encourages, or selects, a specific microbe
Selective Media
63
Selective Media
encourages the growth of S. aureus. MSA contain 7.5% NaCl which inhibit the growth of other Gram +ve bacteria
64
Growth of Staphylococcus aureus on Mannitol Salt Agar results in a color change in the media ________
pink to yellow.
65
Differential Media shows up as ___________ or variations in colony size or color, in media color changes, or in the formation of gas bubbles and precipitates.
visible changes
66
detect the digestion of fats by lipase enzyme.
Spirit Blue Agar ( Dif. Media)
67
indicated by the dark blue color that develops in the colonies.
Positive digestion (hydrolysis)
68
used to encourage the growth of a particular microorganism in a mixed culture.
Enrichment Media
69
• Ex. Manitol Salt Agar for S. aureus • Blood agar , chocolate agar, Slenite F broth
Enrichment Media
70
Bacterial Colonies on Solid Media
S. Marcescens (Mac) P. aeruginosa (TSA) S. Flexneri (Mac)
71
Microorganisms can be grown in the laboratory in ______________ containing the nutrients they require.
culture media
72
Successful cultivation and maintenance of pure cultures of microorganisms can be done only if________ is practiced to prevent contamination by other microorganisms.
aseptic technique
73
Process of Culture Media
Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification
74
• Sample is placed on sterile medium providing microbes with the appropriate nutrients to sustain growth. • Selection of the proper medium and sterility of all tools and media is important. • Some microbes may require a live organism or living tissue as the inoculation medium.
Inoculation
75
used to adjust the proper growth conditions of a sample.
incubator
76
the visible growth of the microbe on or in the media
Incubation produces a culture
77
• The end result of inoculation and incubation
Isolation
78
On solid media we may see separate colonies, and in broth growth may be indicated
turbidity
79
further isolation
Sub-culturing
80
Macroscopically observe cultures to note color, texture, size of colonies, etc. • Microscopically observe stained slides of the culture to assess cell shape, size, and motility.
Inspection
81
differentiate the microbe from similar species and to determine metabolic activities specific to the microbe.
biochemical tests
82
Methods used to measure microbial growth
• Count colonies on plate or filter (counts live cells) • Microscopic counts • Flow cytometry (FACS) • Turbidity

MicroPara Lec (3 decks)

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