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Bio Chem 501 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Catabolism

A

Energy rich molecules + ADP ⇒ energy depleted molecules + ATP

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2
Q

Anabolism

A

Small simple molecules → large complex molecules
Need ATP

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3
Q

Hormones

A

Small molecules or proteins that connect all the organs in the body

Carry info and signals between central nervous system and tissues

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4
Q

Signal transduction

A

Ligand bind to specific receptor
Result in change in the cell

Change in enzyme activity turns pathways on/off (response)

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5
Q

Glucagon

A

Protein
Released from pancreas
In response to low blood glucose

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6
Q

Glucagon receptors

A

Liver: release of glucose, increase blood glucose
Fat: release FA (ATP)

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7
Q

Epinepherine

A

Small molecule
Released from kidney
In response to stress or exercise

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8
Q

Epinephrine receptors

A

Liver: release glucose
Fat: release FA
Muscle: use FA and glucose to do work

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9
Q

Insulin

A

Protein
Released from pancreas
Response to high blood glucose

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10
Q

Insulin receptors

A

Fat: uptake glucose, lower blood glucose
Muscle: uptake glucose, lower blood glucose
Liver: metabolize glucose, store glucose

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11
Q

Leptin

A

Protein
Release from fat cells after a meal
Suppresses appetite

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12
Q

Alpha carbon

A

OH at C1 below plane

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13
Q

Beta carbon

A

OH at C1 above plane

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14
Q

Starch bonds

A

Alpha 1,4 bonds
Branches = alpha 1,6
Form compact hollow cylinders

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15
Q

Cellulose bonds

A

Beta 1,4 bonds
Straight chain
Exclude water
Tightly packed

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16
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose
Alpha 1 beta 2 bond
Non Reducing

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17
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose + glucose
Beta 1,4 linkage
Reducing

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18
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose x 2
Alpha 1,3 linkage
Reducing

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19
Q

Glucagon pathways

A

Glycogen breakdown (release glucose)

Gluconeogenesis (produce glucose)
Ketogenesis (produce glucose)

Lipolysis (FA release, glycerol release)

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20
Q

Kinase

A

Transfer of phosphoryl group from ATP to acceptor

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21
Q

Phosphorylase

A

Phosphorolysis
Phosphate is the attacking species

Like hydrolysis
Add Phosphate across bond

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22
Q

Phosphatase

A

Remove phosphate group

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23
Q

Pathways: Fed

A

Glycogenesis
Glycolysis
FA Synthesis
Cholesterol Synthesis
PPP

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24
Q

Glycogenesis Purpose + Location

A

Liver/muscle

Storage form of glucose

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25
Glycolysis Purpose + Location
Multiple Produce NRG
26
FA Synthesis Purpose + Location
Liver Produce cholesterol
27
PPP Purpose + Location
Liver + Other Prouduce NADPH, intermediates, etc
28
Pathways: Fasting
Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis Lipolysis Ketogenesis
29
Glycogenolysis Purpose + Location
Liver Increase blood glucose `
30
Gluconeogenesis Purpose + Location
Liver Increase blood glucose
31
Lipolysis Purpose + Location
Liver + adipose Release FA
32
Ketogenesis Purpose + Location
Liver Produce ketone bodies
33
Type 1 Diabetes
Insufficient production of insulin Autoimmune destruction of beta cells Early in life
34
Type 2 Diabetes
Later in adulthood Cells don’t respond properly to insulin Associated with obesity
35
Pathways requiring NADPH
FA synthesis Cholesterol synthesis Nucleotide synthesis Detox
36
Need ribose 5 phosphate more than NADPH
Glycolysis + non oxidative phase Glucose 6 P ⇒ glyceraldehyde 3 P ⇒ ribose 5 P
37
NADPH and ribose 5 phosphate needs are balanced
Oxidative only Can make NADPH and ribose 5 P from glucose 6 P
38
Need NADPH more than ribose 5 phosphate
Oxidative → non oxidative → 1 reversible step from gluconeogenesis Glucose 6 P ⇒ glyceraldehyde 3 P ⇒ dihydroxyacetone P ⇒ glycerol
39
Need NADPH and ATP
Oxidative ⇒ non oxidative ⇒ glycolysis ⇒ pyruvate Can do CAC and e- chain Make pyruvate
40
PPP oxidative phase
Generate ribose 5 phosphate Generated NADPH
41
PPP non oxidative phase
Reversible Generate glycolysis intermediates Generate pentose phosphates for making nucleotides
42
PPP location
Cytosol
43
Type 1 Diabetes treatment
Insulin
44
Type 2 Diabetes treatment
Diet Exercise Drugs
45
Carboxylase regulation
Citrate stimulate Insulin stimulate Glucagon and epinephrine inhbit Palmatite inhibit
46
FA Regulation
Insulin → phosphorylate and activate ACC ACC convert acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA Malonyl coA stop transport of FA to mitochondria Stop addition of carmitine to FA
47
Aspirin
Irreversible inhibitor Transfer acetyl group to serine residue in the active site
48
Ibuprofen
Competitive inhibitors Replace substrate
49
Fates of cholesterol
Incorporate into membranes Exported Bile acids Steroid hormones Cholesterol esters Converted to oxysterol (regulator) Converted to vitamin D
50
Bile acids
Aid in digestion Hydrophilic Emulsifiers of fat globules
51
Cholesteryl esters
Cholesterol w/ FA from CoA attached to OH Acyl CoA cholesterol acyltransferase Can’t function in membranes Hydrophobic Transported to other tissues
52
Chylomicrons
Carry dietary lipids Highest level of TAG
53
Effects of insulin signaling
Glucose uptake (GLUT4) Glycogen synthesis (glycogen synthase) Glycolysis (FBPase 2 inhibit)
54
Oxidoreductases
Dehydrogenase Reductase e- transfer
55
Transferase
Kinase Glycogen synthase Group transfer
56
Lyases
Dehydratases PEPCK Break chemical bonds
57
Isomerase
Mutase Transfer groups within molecules
58
TAG synthesis order
Glucose Acetyl CoA Malonyl CoA Palmitoyl CoA Phosphatidic acid TAG
59
Stimulate endocytosis of LDL
ApoB 100
60

Bio Chem 501 (4 decks)

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