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Bio 322 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

5 phyla in Bacteria

A
  • Proteobacteria
  • Firmicutes, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria
  • Bacteroidetes
  • Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia
  • Hyperthermophilic bacteria
  • other
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2
Q

Proteobacteria

A
  • largest metabolic diversity
  • highest significance in medicine, agriculture, industry
  • metabolic: aerobic, anaerobic, microaerophilic, chemolithotrophs, chemoorganotrophs, phototrophs
  • based on 16S r RNA
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3
Q

5 classes of Proteobacteria

A
  • alphaproteobacteria
  • betaproteobacteria
  • gammaproteobacteria
  • deltaproteobacteria
  • epsilonproteobacteria
  • zetaproteobacteria
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4
Q

alphaproteobacteria

A
  • rhizobia- plants symbionts
  • Rhizobium
  • Rickettsia
  • Caulobacter
    rhodopseudomonas
    nitrobacter
  • genes enable them to form nodules acquired through HGT
  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens associated with plants (cannot form root nodules)
  • genes involved in gall disease nonrelated to nodule formation genes
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5
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever
- obligate, intracellular parasite
- metabolically specialized to use glutamate or glutamine as energy source

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6
Q

Wolbachia pipientis

A

colonize insect eggs
- obligate, intracellular parasite
- metabolically specialized to use glutamate or glutamine as energy source

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7
Q

betaproteobacteria

A

Burkholderia
Neisseria
Nitrosomonas
- Burkholderia cepacia
- soil organism
- opportunistic pathogen
- disease protection (promote plant growth)
- form biofilms (problem in hospitals)

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8
Q

Neisseriales

A
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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9
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A

fatal inflammation of membranes of lining the brain

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10
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

causative agent of gonorrhea

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11
Q

Methylophilales

A

Methylophilus methylotrophus

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12
Q

Nitrosomonadales

A

Nitrosomonase europea
Nitrosopira sp.

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13
Q

gammaproteobacteria

A

largest and most diverse
well-known pathogens
Enterobacteriales
“enteric bacteria”
fermentation - SLP

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14
Q

E. coli

A

gammaproteobacteria
- nutritional role in intestinal tract (K)
- helps O2 consumption in gut (anoxic)
- pathogenic strains (uti, diarrhea)
- enterohemorrhagic E coli strain (enterotoxin- foodborne disease)

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15
Q

Enterobacter aerogenes

A

gammaproteobacteria
- water and sewage
- intestional tract
- urinary tract

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16
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

gammaproteobacteria
- soils and water
- humans
- fixes N2 - unique in enteric bacteria

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17
Q

Salmonella

A

gammaproteobacteria
- always pathogenic
- typhoid fever and gastroenteristis

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18
Q

Proteus

A

gammaproteobacteria
- highly motile
- urease
- causes UTI

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19
Q

Shigella dysenteriae

A

gammaproteobacteria
- endotoxin
- invades epithelial cells
- excretes neurotoxin
- acute GIT distress

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20
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

gammaproteobacteria
- burn victims, cystic fibrosis
- resistant to antibiotics bc of R plasmid

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21
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A
  • gammaproteobacteria
    causes cholera in humans
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22
Q

deltaproteobacteria

A
  • sulfate reducers
  • sulfur-reducers
  • iron-reducers
  • predator bacteria
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23
Q

famous deltaproteobacteria

A

bdellovibrio
myxococcus
desulfovibrio
geobacter

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24
Q

epsilonproteobacteria

A

helicobacter
campylobacter
- gram neg
- motile
- pathogenic

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25
Q

campylobacter

A

acute gastroenteritis

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26
Q

helicobacter pylori

A

pH adaptation in gut
- pathogen causes chronic/acute gastritis leading to peptic ulcers
- low pH triggers bacterial adaptation- urease enzyme (expressed)
- urease degrades urea to ammonia and CO2
- ammonia consumes H+ in cytoplasm- protect from acidification

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27
Q

zetaproteobacteria

A

Mariprofundus ferrooxydans
- microaerophilic
- Fe2+ = energy source
- O2 acceptor
- CO2 fixation

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28
Q

Firmicutes

A

lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
- gram pos known as main safe industrial-scale producers of lactic acid

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29
Q

Lactobacillus

A

lactobacillus delbrueckii
- prepare yogurt

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30
Q

streptococcus thermophilus

A

firmicutes
- acidification in cheese
- symbiotically grows in actobacillus delbrueckii

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31
Q

streptococcus pyogenes

A

strep

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32
Q

streptococcus viridans

A

mutants causing dental caries

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33
Q

streptococcus

A
  1. complete b-hemolysis (pyrogenes group)
    - round shaped colonies with smooth surface
  2. incomplete b-hemolysis (viridans group)
    - greening agar under colonies
34
Q

famous genera of non sporulating bacteria

A

listeria
staphylococcus

35
Q

listeria

A

listeria monocytogenes
- vector for cancer immunotherapy

36
Q

staphylococcus epidermidis

A

nonpathogenic organism
on skin or mucous membranes

37
Q

staphylococcus aureus

A

pathological conditions like pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis, arthritis

38
Q

famous sporulating bacteria

A

bacillus
clostridium
only in Firmicutes

39
Q

what is the advantage to being in soil?

A

produce endospores

40
Q

bacillus thuringiensis

A

fatal in insects
- genes for crystal protein introduced to genetically modified crops to create GMO plants resistant to insects

41
Q

Clostridium

A

SLP
degrade cellulose
cellulolytic species have cellulosomes
- cellulosomes: complex multienzyme structure on outer surface of cell, binds insoluble cellulose and degrades into soluble products

42
Q

clostridium butyricum

A

ferment sugar
produces butyrate

43
Q

clostridium aceticum

A

ferments sugar
produces acetic acid

44
Q

clostridium botulinum

A

causes botulism

45
Q

clostridium tetani

A

tetanus

46
Q

clostridium perfringens

A

gangrene

47
Q

actinobacteria

A

soil and plant bacteria
harmless commensals except Mycobacterium tuberculosis

48
Q

streptomyces

A

antibiotic producing species
- spores created from hyphae allowing for survivla
- spores called CONIDIA
- different than spores from Bacillus and Clostridium

49
Q

propionic acid bacteria

A

dairy industry
- in Swiss cheese
- fermenting to produce CO2
- homofermentative streptococci and lactobacilli makes lactic acid
- PAB uses lactic acid as substrate

50
Q

mycobacteria

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- T7SS: landmark, characteristic cell wall
- complex branch-chain hydroxylated lipids- mycolic acids

51
Q

Bioprospecting in Graveyard

A
  • healing soil tested by QUinn
  • looking for new antibiotics to treat growing problem of drug-resistant bacteria
  • found streptomyces bacteria
  • contain new antibodies
  • three dangerous pathogens could be killed by antibodies
52
Q

Tenericutes

A
  • no cell walls
  • one of smallest
  • mycoplasmas bc most notable genus is Mycoplasma
  • doesnt stain gram pos bc lack cell wall
53
Q

mycoplasma

A
  • cell membrane more stable
  • stability due to sterols
  • lipoglycans in cell membrane are specific polysaccharides in membrane that stabilizes
54
Q

Bacteroidetes

A

normal commensals in intestinal tract
- dominant bacteria in large intestine
- bacterial enzymes increases diversity of plant polymers that can be degraded in digestive tract
- Sphingolipids - no lipid backbone- sphingosine

55
Q

fibre vs non-fibre diet response

A
  • low fibre = more Bacteroidetes = changes gut chemical enviro which affects cellular signaling and cause cancer
  • microbes eat intestinal mucosa = ulcerative colitis
  • increase Firmicutes with high fiber
56
Q

Chlamydia

A

Chlamydiae
- shared common ancestor
- based on 16S r RNA
- obligatory intracellular parasites and human pathogens
- small genome - characteristics for parasite

57
Q

life cycle of chlamydiae

A

type 1: elementary body
type 2: reticulated body

58
Q

type 1

A

dense
dry-resistant
- transmission

59
Q

type 2

A

less dense
non-infectious
- multiplying (binary fission)

60
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

trachoma and genital infections
some gene eukaryotic (HGT)
- no peptidoglycan
- Chlamydia anomaly

61
Q

what is Chlamydia susceptible to?

A

penicillin antibiotics
produces PBP

62
Q

Planctomycetes

A

extensive cellular compartmentalization
- gemmata
- stalked and budding bacteria

63
Q

what do ICT compartments resemble?

A

organelles

64
Q

what is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

compartmentalization of cellular space through organelles

65
Q

Gemmata

A

contains pirellulosomes
nucleoid with circular DNA
nucleoid and ribosomes in pirellulosomes

66
Q

what kind of DNA is in prokaryotes?

A

covalently closed, circular and supercoiled

67
Q

what kind of DNA is in eukaryotes?

A

highly condensed
partitioned from remaining cytoplasm by true unit membrane

68
Q

Planctomycetes sp.

A

budding bacterium
2 poles of cell
swarmer cell w flagellum
stalked bacterium
cell wall and cytoplasmic filled stalk

69
Q

Caulobacter crescentus

A

alphaproteobacteria
- budding bacterium
- 2 poles of cell
- swarmer cell with flagellum
- stalked bacterium
- proteinogenic stalk

70
Q

Brocadia anammoxidans

A

anaerobic oxidation of ammonia within anammoxosome structure
- anammoxosome membrane made of ladderane lipids
- anammoxosomes protect cytoplasmic components from toxic intermediates

71
Q

Verrucomicrobia

A
  • symmetric cell division, prosthecae
72
Q

Prosthecobacter

A

2 genes with significant homology to genes that encode tubulin in eukaryotic cells
-share more homology

73
Q

tubulin homolog

A

FtsZ
- key protein making up cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells

74
Q

Hyperthermophilic bacteria

A

aquifex
thermotoga
thermodesulfobacterium
- evolutionary old

75
Q

aquifex

A

most thermophilic of all known
H2 or S^0 as e donor
O2 or nitrate as e acceptor
- obligately chemolithotrophic and autotrophic
- cannot oxidize organic compounds

76
Q

thermotoga

A

anaerobic metabolism (H2 as donor Fe3+ as acceptor)
hot springs
hydrothermal vents
over 20% of genes originated from Archaea by HGT
- fermentation

77
Q

thermodesulfobacterium

A

strict anerobe
orgnaics as e donor
sulfate as acceptor
ether-linked lipids
- C17 hydrocarbon with fatty acids

78
Q

Phylum Deinococcota

A

Deinococcus radiodurans
Thermus aquaticus

79
Q

Deincoccus radiodurans

A

most radiation-resistant
survives 5000 Gy
mechanism of resistance is v active DNA repair system

80
Q

Thermus aquaticus

A

source of heat-resistant enzyme Taq DNA polymerase
best = 65-70
survives = 50-80
many heat-stable enzyme isolated
- source of key enzyme in automated PCR

Bio 322 (11 decks)

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