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Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

lithosphere

A

uppermost layer of the earth, contains continental and oceanic crust and the uppermost mantle
* rigid

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2
Q

asthenosphere

A

upper part of the mantle that is below lithosphere
* weak

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3
Q

tectonic plates

A

lithosphere is broken into pieces
* most made of 7 major plates
* smaller plates also exist

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4
Q

divergent motion

A

plates moving away from each other

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5
Q

convergent motion

A

plates moving directly towards each other

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6
Q

transform motion

A

plates rubbing against each other horizontally
- plates w these boundaries usually are in oceans and fracture zones

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7
Q

rate of crust creation and destruction?

A

the rate is the same

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8
Q

convergent plate boundaries

A

= destruction
* where subduction zones are

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9
Q

types of convergent plate boundaries and info

A
  • more dense crust subducts
  • melting of the rock in the earth happens because of the water from the ocean
  • boundaries are
    — ocean-ocean
    — ocean-continental
    — continental-continental
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10
Q

ocean-continental boundary

A

can result in
* thickening of crust
* continental volcano arcs
* eruptions
* mountains

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11
Q

ocean-ocean boundary

A

creates island volano arcs
- usually in deep ocean trench

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12
Q

continental-continental boundary

A
  • mountain building
  • folds and deforms the rock
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13
Q

divergent plate boundaries (ocean? land?)

A

for the ocean:
constructive = new ocean floor
* also called spreading centers
* creates ridges

for continental::
* can cause landmass to split

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14
Q

which ocean has larger ridge growth?

A

pacific ridges grow/spread faster than atlantic

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15
Q

convection

A

the process of conveying movement in a gas or liquid in which the warmer parts move up and the cooler parts move down in a cycle (think boiling water)

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16
Q

what drives plate movement?

A

convection

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17
Q

how are volcanoes created?

A

Magma rises from the hot spots and erupts as lava through cracks in the Earth’s surface forming volcanoes.

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18
Q

abiotic physical weathering

A

1 - water
2 - wind
3 - temperature variations

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19
Q

biotic physical weathering

A

1 - roots of plants
2 - burrowing animals

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20
Q

chemical weathering and its benefits?

A

def: changes in chemical makeup (oxidation, carbonation)

benefits:
- releases important nutrients
- part of phosphorus cycle

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21
Q

anthropogenic chemical weathering

A

combustion of fossil fuels leads to acid rain which:
- acidifies trees and soil
- hurts health
- decays limestone and marble

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22
Q

what kind of soil has more organic material and nutrients?

A

mature soil

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23
Q

old soil may be _____ _____

A

nutrient poor

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24
Q

order of soil horizons

A

OAEBCR

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25
O Horizon
Organic: - decomposed material - found most in rainforests - lowest part is called humus
26
A Horizon
Topsoil: - organic mixed with minerals - MOST biological activity
27
E Horizon
Eluviated: - acidic soil - metals and nutrients are leached from above
28
B Horizon
Subsoil: - mineral material where they have accumulated
29
C Horizon
- least weathered and closest to parent material
30
Forest soil
- thick o layer - e layer
31
RAINforest soil
- thin O layer - thin A layer
32
Desert soil
- no O layer - thin A layer - thick B layer
33
Grassland soil
thick A layer
34
Soil services
- plants growth - nutrient cycling - habitat - water storage
35
properties of soil decided by
- parent material - climate: (too cold = undecomposed material) (humid tropics = weathering, leaching, decomposing) - topography - organisms
36
anthropogenic soil degredation
topsoil is plowed and removed ... increases erosion
37
compaction of soil causes
- drying (water cant circulate) - waterlogging (water stays in top layer so oxygen can't circulate) - resistance to root development
38
less vegetation means what for erosion?
more erosion (which causes less vegetation, etc.. loop)
39
soil particles from biggest to smallest
sand -> silt -> clay
40
permeability highest to lowest
sand -> silt -> clay permeability is ability for soil to let water pass through it
41
porosity
% space left in the soil sample (think different gym balls in a cart)
42
best soil type for plants? why?
loam because it has good water holding capacity and and good drainage (balanced porosity and permeability)
43
Earth's spheres of life support
- atmosphere - hydrosphere - biosphere - geosphere
44
Atmospheric pressure is caused by
weight of the air
45
as altitude increases
pressure and density decrease
46
atmosphere is made up of:
80% Nitrogen and 20% Oxygen (other minor gases)
47
what layer of the atmosphere has the most life forms? where does the most weather occur?
trophosphere
48
where is the ozone layer located?
stratosphere
49
where do meteors burn up?
mesosphere
50
where do satellites orbit?
thermosphere
51
order of the atmosphere layers
trophosphere - stratosphere - mesosphere - thermosphere - exosphere
52
how are atmosphere layers arranged?
temperature
53
how to find temperature changes in atmosphere?
put 3 fingers up, start trophosphere on tip of pointer finger, trace to find other temps trophosphere - decreases (because air becomes thinner) stratosphere - increases (because ozone layer traps heat) mesosphere - decreases (becomes thinner) thermosphere - increases (high radiation, but feels cold because sparse air molecules)
54
properties that determine air circulation
1. air density 2. water vapor capacity (warm air has higher capacity) 3. Adiabatic heating/cooling of air (rising = expansion and cooling) (sinking = compaction and heating) 4. latent heat release (energy released when substance changes forms, in this case when condensation happens)
55
order of cells from equator to pole
hadley > ferrel > polar
56
which winds are closer to the equator? which are closer to the poles?
trade winds are closer to the equator westerlies are closer to the poles
57
coriolis effect
curving an objects path because of the earth's rotation goes RIGHT in the NORTH goes LEFT in the SOUTH
58
oceanic gyres
circular current systems created by the rotation and wind patterns
59
characteristics of a watershed
1. area (drainage basin) 2. length (principle flowpath) 3. slope (momentum of runoff) 4. soil 5. vegetation (has a riparian zone which is transition between water and land and buffers the water from runoff of pollutants) 6. divides (separates watersheds)
60
rotation
one day / 24 hrs
61
revolution
1 year
62
tilt of axis
23.5 degrees
63
what causes seasons?
tilt of the earth's axis, rays hit more directly
64
what is the set of short-term atmospheric conditions—typically those occurring over hours or days—for a particular area?
weather
65
what is an area’s general pattern of atmospheric or weather conditions measured over long periods of time ranging from decades to thousands of years?
climate
66
order of climates from equator to poles
tropical > subtropical > temperate > sub polar > polar
67
what decides climates?
- air circulation - ocean currents - tilt of the earth - mountain ranges - proximity to water
68
upwelling
upward movement of water that brings up nutrients and cool water, often along west coast
69
El Niño
- trade winds weaken or change direction - upwellings weaken - warm water moves *east* in the pacific - decrease in nutrients - alter weather (hot hot)
70
La Niña
(think girl power) - trade winds strengthen - upwellings strengthen - warm water moves *west* in the pacific - alter weather (ice ice bb) + more hurricanes likes to make things worse in the winter: cold places get even colder and warm places get even warmer
71
where is humus located?
the o horizon

APES (4 decks)

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