Unit 4

Question 1

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Learning that certain events occur together

Answer 2

Associative Learning

Question 3

The attempt to solely study behavior and learned experience; field ignored mental processes and observational learning

Answer 3

Behaviorism

Question 4

Learn to associate two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Answer 4

Classical Conditioning

Question 5

Discovered classical conditioning

Answer 5

Ivan Pavlov

Question 6

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Answer 6

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 7

A natural/instinctive/unlearned response to stimuli

Answer 7

Unconditioned Response

Question 8

A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Answer 8

Neutral Stimulus

Question 9

A prev-neutral stimulus that has been conditioned to elicit a response

Answer 9

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 10

A learned response to a prev neutral stimulus

Answer 10

Conditioned Response

Question 11

Baby Albert experiments: conditioned a baby to cry/fear furry animals using loud noises as uncontrolled stimulus

Answer 11

John Watson

Question 12

Discovered process of operant conditioning [the strengthening of behaviors followed by a reinforcer and diminishing behaviors followed by a punisher]

Answer 12

B. F. Skinner

Question 13

Held that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely

Answer 13

Thorndike [Law of Effect]

Question 14

A procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approx. of the desired target behavior

Answer 14

Shaping

Question 15

Giving the subject something that it wants

Answer 15

Positive Reinforcement

Question 16

Taking away something that the subject does not like or want

Answer 16

Negative Reinforcement

Question 17

The administering of an aversive stimulus [giving speeding ticket]

Answer 17

Positive Punishment

Question 18

The removal of a rewarding stimulus

Answer 18

Negative Punishment

Question 19

Innately reinforcing stimulus, one that satisfies a biological need

Answer 19

Primary Reinforcers

Question 20

Can be effective when associated with primary reinforcers

Answer 20

Secondary Reinforcers

Question 21

Successful association learning, training, or conditioning

Answer 21

Acquisition

Question 22

The diminished or complete removal of associated learning, training, or conditioning

Answer 22

Extinction

Question 23

Association learning, training, or conditioning can suddenly return

Answer 23

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 24

Subject may respond to a stimulus that seems similar to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 24

Generalization

Question 25

Subject only responds to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 25

Discrimination

Question 26

Pioneered observational learning; considered transitional figure from behaviorism to cog. psych.; discovery of modeling

Answer 26

Albert Bandura

Question 27

Learning by observing others

Answer 27

Observational Learning

Question 28

The process of observing and imitating a certain behavior

Answer 28

Modeling

Question 29

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Answer 29

Prosocial Behavior

Question 30

Maladaptive behaviors such as aggression, violence, gossip, impulsivity, dishonesty, etc.

Answer 30

Antisocial Behavior

Question 31

Mind-body technique used to control some body functions

Answer 31

Biofeedback

Question 32

The ability to learn based on the presence or absence of certain factors/stimuli

Answer 32

Contingencies

Question 33

Noted the ability of humans to analyze the probability of an outcome based on the contingencies

Answer 33

Robert Rescorla

Question 34

The capacity to recall words, concepts, or numbers [observing and listening dependent on ability to remember]

Answer 34

Semantic Memory

Question 35

Memories linked to specific experiences, context, emotions, etc., rather than concept or word itself

Answer 35

Episodic Memory

Question 36

The sudden realization of a problem's solution

Answer 36

Insight

Question 37

A form of social learning in which humans acquire apply the knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary to understand and manage emotions

Answer 37

Emotional Learning

Question 38

Occurs unconsciously, emerging only when there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 38

Latent Learning

Question 39

The ability to stave off impulses and delay short term gratification for longer term rewards

Answer 39

Self-Control

Question 40

Develop when one is accidentally rewarded in events and a neutral stimulus is incorrectly associated with a reward

Answer 40

Superstitious Behaviors

Question 41

Resistance to eating things that made one sick or ill

Answer 41

Taste Aversions

Question 42

The passive resignation of an animal or human whose efforts have repeatedly failed to avoid an unwanted stimulus/outcome

Answer 42

Learned Helplessness