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AP Psychology > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning that has persisted over time

A

Memory

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2
Q

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

A

Explicit Memory

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3
Q

The retention of information independent of conscious recollection

A

Implicit Memory

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4
Q

The measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

A

Recall

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5
Q

The measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned

A

Recognition

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6
Q

The phenomenon in which one saves amount of time when learning material again

A

Relearning

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7
Q

The processing of information into the memory system by extracting meaning

A

Encoding

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8
Q

The process of retaining encoded information over time

A

Storage

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9
Q

The process of getting information out of the memory system

A

Retrieval

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10
Q

The process of storing memories is completed and associated with many parts of the ___

A

Cerebral Cortex

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11
Q

Helps processes explicit memories for storage

A

Hippocampus

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12
Q

Largely associated with procedural memory and associations

A

Cerebellum

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13
Q

The intentional encoding of information that requires attention and effort

A

Effortful Processing

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14
Q

The unconscious encoding of incidental information [Space, time, word meanings]

A

Automatic Processing

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15
Q

Encoding based primarily on the structure or appearance of words

A

Shallow Processing

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16
Q

Encoding of information based on the meaning of the word, its context, or significance; tends to yield the best retention [Meaningful]

A

Deep Processing

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17
Q

Short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of information that is retained temporarily to enhance our thought process

A

Working Memory

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18
Q

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly

A

Short-term Memory

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19
Q

The immediate, brief recording of sensory information into the memory system [Touch, taste, smell]

A

Sensory Memory

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20
Q

The momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

A

Iconic Memory

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21
Q

The momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

A

Echoic Memory

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22
Q

Relatively-permanent storehouse of the memory system; includes our knowledge, skills, and experience

A

Long-term Memory

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23
Q

Memory involved in automatic motor movement

A

Procedural Memory

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24
Q

Bits of spatial information that help recall memories from a web of neurons

A

Retrieval Cues

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25
Q

The tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one’s current mood

A

Mood Congruency

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26
Q

More likely to remember items at the beginning and end of a list/sequence

A

Serial-Position Effect

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27
Q

Factor that may impede the storage and retrieval of memory [People feel at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group]

A

Stereotype Threat

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28
Q

The organizing of information into manageable units

A

Chunking

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29
Q

Memory aids, like acronyms, and other tricks we use to remember information

A

Mnemonics

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30
Q

The spacing of learning and relearning information across several days or weeks rather than cramming the information

A

Spacing Effect

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31
Q

Self-testing recall of information [Flashcards]

A

Testing Effect

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32
Q

Pioneered research regarding relearning and analyzed memory data for patients finding that most information tended to drop off quickly

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

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33
Q

Condition in which patients fail to develop new memories

A

Anterograde Amnesia

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34
Q

The failure to retrieve old information from one’s past

A

Retrograde Amnesia

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35
Q

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

A

Proactive Interference

36
Q

When new learning disrupts the recall of old information

A

Retroactive Interference

37
Q

The incorporating of misleading information into one’s memory of an account [Can cause one to distort or misremember certain details]

A

Misinformation Effect

38
Q

Pioneered research on the misinformation effect in the legal system

A

Elizabeth Loftus

39
Q

Attributing an event or memory to the wrong source; occurs when brain fails to retrieve a memory and attempts to fill in with current situation

A

Source Amnesia

40
Q

A methodical, logical approach to systematically test all possible solutions

A

Algorithm

41
Q

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to make judgments and educated-guesses to solve problems efficiently

A

Heuristics

42
Q

Pioneered insight research with his experiments on chimpanzees when he discovered activity from insights is located primarily in the right hemisphere

A

Wolfgang Koehler

43
Q

The tendency to approach a problem the same way

A

Mental Set

44
Q

A cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used

A

Functional FIxedness

45
Q

An effortless, automatic feeling or thought as opposed to effortful, conscious reasoning

A

Intuition

46
Q

Has shown that we make intuitive decisions and justify them them with post-hoc rationalizations

A

Johnathan Haidt

47
Q

Clouds our judgment by predominantly using or remembering information that confirms what we already believe

A

Confirmation Bias

48
Q

The clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the facts on which that conception was formed have been discredited

A

Belief Perseverance

49
Q

May cause one to judge the likelihood of events based on stereotypes

A

Representative Heuristics

50
Q

May impair judgment as they cause us to estimate the likelihood of an event based on the availability of memory

A

Availability Heuristics

51
Q

Can cloud our judgment and cause one to believe one’s idea or chances of success are much higher than they are in reality

A

Overconfidence

52
Q

The wording or way an issue or question is posed

A

Framing

53
Q

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas, exceptionally rare trait

A

Creativity

54
Q

Left hemisphere function that narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

A

Convergent Thinking

55
Q

Right hemisphere function that expands the available set of solutions from a narrow single set of solutions

A

Divergent Thinking

56
Q

Discovered human beings are predisposed to grammatical structures: phonemes, morphemes, and grammar

A

Noam Chomsky

57
Q

Any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another

A

Phonemes

58
Q

A meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided

A

Morphemes

59
Q

The area in the left hemisphere that controls language expression

A

Broca’s Area

60
Q

Controls language reception and plays a key role in language development

A

Wernicke’s Area

61
Q

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language

A

Syntax

62
Q

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

A

Intelligence

63
Q

The ability to use previously-learned skills, knowledge, and experience; it grows as we age but does not equate to memory

A

Crystallized Intelligence

64
Q

One’s natural ability to learn quickly, adapt, and problem solve in novel situations [decays as we age]

A

Fluid Intelligence

65
Q

Attempted to identify intelligence using the concept of a general factor intelligence; used factor analysis; noted that individuals who performed well on one category performed well on all

A

Spearman

66
Q

Asserted that intelligence is multiple abilities that come in different packages; savants; noted that damage to certain areas of the brain could harm one’s abilities in 1 or 2 factors of intelligence but others would remain intact

A

Gardner

67
Q

People that have exceptionally high ability in one intelligence factor but scored low in others

A

Savants

68
Q

Argued there are 3 basic types of intelligence that vary (analytical, creative, practical)

A

Sternberg

69
Q

Well-defined problems with a single right answer

A

Analytical Intelligence

70
Q

The ability to react adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas

A

Creative Intelligence

71
Q

Intelligence required for every day tasks

A

Practical Intelligence

72
Q

Developed the theory of emotional intelligence [the ability to perceive, understand, and use the emotions of ourselves and others]

A

Goleman

73
Q

Created the first intelligence test; embarked on a quest to find the ‘most competent’ humans; founding member of eugenics movement; pioneered the use of numerical tests to measure intellectual ability

A

Galton

74
Q

A movement bent on improving the human gene pool

A

Eugenics Movement

75
Q

Developed a method to assess the intelligence of wide-range on intellectual ability; theorized children developed linearly, processing at different speeds; created a test assessing student’s mental age

A

Alfred Binet

76
Q

The average performance of people at a certain age

A

Mental Age

77
Q

Combined concept of mental age and factor analysis practices to create the IQ test

A

Lewis Terman

78
Q

Devised a more accurate psychometric technique for measuring intelligence [7 primary factors: word fluency, numerical ability, memory, etc]; provided more accurate set of intelligence factors

A

Thurstone

79
Q

Believed intelligence was primarily impacted by one’s personality and willingness to engage with people, situations, and information; developed WAIS

A

Wechsler

80
Q

Test that measured one’s natural ability to process and act on information; tasks include: finding patterns, aligning blocks, identifying words, memorizing lists [tests that predict a person’s future performance and capacity to learn]

A

WAIS

81
Q

The diminishing ability of tests to measure future learning

A

Predictive Validity

82
Q

Using images [ex. rearranging blocks into images in the WAIS]

A

Abstract Measures

83
Q

Participants are asked to find similarities in words, describe and explain solutions and problems verbally

A

Verbal Measures

84
Q

The speed at which a person can interpret and act on new information

A

Processing Speed

85
Q

May affect intelligence scores and present those affected with difficulty in adapting to the demands of independent living

A

Intellectual Disability

86
Q

Persons may suffer from low scores in some categories but score highly in others

A

Gifted Cognitively Disabled

87
Q

May be labeled as exceptional by themselves or others and potentially over-inflate their egos or put undue stress as they are expected to always perform well

A

Cognitively Gifted

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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