Unit 5

Question 1

Learning that has persisted over time

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Answer 2

Explicit Memory

Question 3

The retention of information independent of conscious recollection

Answer 3

Implicit Memory

Question 4

The measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

Answer 4

Recall

Question 5

The measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned

Answer 5

Recognition

Question 6

The phenomenon in which one saves amount of time when learning material again

Answer 6

Relearning

Question 7

The processing of information into the memory system by extracting meaning

Answer 7

Encoding

Question 8

The process of retaining encoded information over time

Answer 8

Storage

Question 9

The process of getting information out of the memory system

Answer 9

Retrieval

Question 10

The process of storing memories is completed and associated with many parts of the ___

Answer 10

Cerebral Cortex

Question 11

Helps processes explicit memories for storage

Answer 11

Hippocampus

Question 12

Largely associated with procedural memory and associations

Answer 12

Cerebellum

Question 13

The intentional encoding of information that requires attention and effort

Answer 13

Effortful Processing

Question 14

The unconscious encoding of incidental information [Space, time, word meanings]

Answer 14

Automatic Processing

Question 15

Encoding based primarily on the structure or appearance of words

Answer 15

Shallow Processing

Question 16

Encoding of information based on the meaning of the word, its context, or significance; tends to yield the best retention [Meaningful]

Answer 16

Deep Processing

Question 17

Short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of information that is retained temporarily to enhance our thought process

Answer 17

Working Memory

Question 18

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly

Answer 18

Short-term Memory

Question 19

The immediate, brief recording of sensory information into the memory system [Touch, taste, smell]

Answer 19

Sensory Memory

Question 20

The momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

Answer 20

Iconic Memory

Question 21

The momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Answer 21

Echoic Memory

Question 22

Relatively-permanent storehouse of the memory system; includes our knowledge, skills, and experience

Answer 22

Long-term Memory

Question 23

Memory involved in automatic motor movement

Answer 23

Procedural Memory

Question 24

Bits of spatial information that help recall memories from a web of neurons

Answer 24

Retrieval Cues

Question 25

The tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one's current mood

Answer 25

Mood Congruency

Question 26

More likely to remember items at the beginning and end of a list/sequence

Answer 26

Serial-Position Effect

Question 27

Factor that may impede the storage and retrieval of memory [People feel at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group]

Answer 27

Stereotype Threat

Question 28

The organizing of information into manageable units

Answer 28

Chunking

Question 29

Memory aids, like acronyms, and other tricks we use to remember information

Answer 29

Mnemonics

Question 30

The spacing of learning and relearning information across several days or weeks rather than cramming the information

Answer 30

Spacing Effect

Question 31

Self-testing recall of information [Flashcards]

Answer 31

Testing Effect

Question 32

Pioneered research regarding relearning and analyzed memory data for patients finding that most information tended to drop off quickly

Answer 32

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 33

Condition in which patients fail to develop new memories

Answer 33

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 34

The failure to retrieve old information from one's past

Answer 34

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 35

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Answer 35

Proactive Interference

Question 36

When new learning disrupts the recall of old information

Answer 36

Retroactive Interference

Question 37

The incorporating of misleading information into one's memory of an account [Can cause one to distort or misremember certain details]

Answer 37

Misinformation Effect

Question 38

Pioneered research on the misinformation effect in the legal system

Answer 38

Elizabeth Loftus

Question 39

Attributing an event or memory to the wrong source; occurs when brain fails to retrieve a memory and attempts to fill in with current situation

Answer 39

Source Amnesia

Question 40

A methodical, logical approach to systematically test all possible solutions

Answer 40

Algorithm

Question 41

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to make judgments and educated-guesses to solve problems efficiently

Answer 41

Heuristics

Question 42

Pioneered insight research with his experiments on chimpanzees when he discovered activity from insights is located primarily in the right hemisphere

Answer 42

Wolfgang Koehler

Question 43

The tendency to approach a problem the same way

Answer 43

Mental Set

Question 44

A cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used

Answer 44

Functional FIxedness

Question 45

An effortless, automatic feeling or thought as opposed to effortful, conscious reasoning

Answer 45

Intuition

Question 46

Has shown that we make intuitive decisions and justify them them with post-hoc rationalizations

Answer 46

Johnathan Haidt

Question 47

Clouds our judgment by predominantly using or remembering information that confirms what we already believe

Answer 47

Confirmation Bias

Question 48

The clinging to one's initial conceptions after the facts on which that conception was formed have been discredited

Answer 48

Belief Perseverance

Question 49

May cause one to judge the likelihood of events based on stereotypes

Answer 49

Representative Heuristics

Question 50

May impair judgment as they cause us to estimate the likelihood of an event based on the availability of memory

Answer 50

Availability Heuristics

Question 51

Can cloud our judgment and cause one to believe one's idea or chances of success are much higher than they are in reality

Answer 51

Overconfidence

Question 52

The wording or way an issue or question is posed

Answer 52

Framing

Question 53

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas, exceptionally rare trait

Answer 53

Creativity

Question 54

Left hemisphere function that narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Answer 54

Convergent Thinking

Question 55

Right hemisphere function that expands the available set of solutions from a narrow single set of solutions

Answer 55

Divergent Thinking

Question 56

Discovered human beings are predisposed to grammatical structures: phonemes, morphemes, and grammar

Answer 56

Noam Chomsky

Question 57

Any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another

Answer 57

Phonemes

Question 58

A meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided

Answer 58

Morphemes

Question 59

The area in the left hemisphere that controls language expression

Answer 59

Broca's Area

Question 60

Controls language reception and plays a key role in language development

Answer 60

Wernicke's Area

Question 61

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language

Answer 61

Syntax

Question 62

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Answer 62

Intelligence

Question 63

The ability to use previously-learned skills, knowledge, and experience; it grows as we age but does not equate to memory

Answer 63

Crystallized Intelligence

Question 64

One's natural ability to learn quickly, adapt, and problem solve in novel situations [decays as we age]

Answer 64

Fluid Intelligence

Question 65

Attempted to identify intelligence using the concept of a general factor intelligence; used factor analysis; noted that individuals who performed well on one category performed well on all

Answer 65

Spearman

Question 66

Asserted that intelligence is multiple abilities that come in different packages; savants; noted that damage to certain areas of the brain could harm one's abilities in 1 or 2 factors of intelligence but others would remain intact

Answer 66

Gardner

Question 67

People that have exceptionally high ability in one intelligence factor but scored low in others

Answer 67

Savants

Question 68

Argued there are 3 basic types of intelligence that vary (analytical, creative, practical)

Answer 68

Sternberg

Question 69

Well-defined problems with a single right answer

Answer 69

Analytical Intelligence

Question 70

The ability to react adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas

Answer 70

Creative Intelligence

Question 71

Intelligence required for every day tasks

Answer 71

Practical Intelligence

Question 72

Developed the theory of emotional intelligence [the ability to perceive, understand, and use the emotions of ourselves and others]

Answer 72

Goleman

Question 73

Created the first intelligence test; embarked on a quest to find the 'most competent' humans; founding member of eugenics movement; pioneered the use of numerical tests to measure intellectual ability

Answer 73

Galton

Question 74

A movement bent on improving the human gene pool

Answer 74

Eugenics Movement

Question 75

Developed a method to assess the intelligence of wide-range on intellectual ability; theorized children developed linearly, processing at different speeds; created a test assessing student’s mental age

Answer 75

Alfred Binet

Question 76

The average performance of people at a certain age

Answer 76

Mental Age

Question 77

Combined concept of mental age and factor analysis practices to create the IQ test

Answer 77

Lewis Terman

Question 78

Devised a more accurate psychometric technique for measuring intelligence [7 primary factors: word fluency, numerical ability, memory, etc]; provided more accurate set of intelligence factors

Answer 78

Thurstone

Question 79

Believed intelligence was primarily impacted by one's personality and willingness to engage with people, situations, and information; developed WAIS

Answer 79

Wechsler

Question 80

Test that measured one's natural ability to process and act on information; tasks include: finding patterns, aligning blocks, identifying words, memorizing lists [tests that predict a person's future performance and capacity to learn]

Answer 80

WAIS

Question 81

The diminishing ability of tests to measure future learning

Answer 81

Predictive Validity

Question 82

Using images [ex. rearranging blocks into images in the WAIS]

Answer 82

Abstract Measures

Question 83

Participants are asked to find similarities in words, describe and explain solutions and problems verbally

Answer 83

Verbal Measures

Question 84

The speed at which a person can interpret and act on new information

Answer 84

Processing Speed

Question 85

May affect intelligence scores and present those affected with difficulty in adapting to the demands of independent living

Answer 85

Intellectual Disability

Question 86

Persons may suffer from low scores in some categories but score highly in others

Answer 86

Gifted Cognitively Disabled

Question 87

May be labeled as exceptional by themselves or others and potentially over-inflate their egos or put undue stress as they are expected to always perform well

Answer 87

Cognitively Gifted