Unit 4 Flashcards
Chapter 15 - 17 Study Guide Pre-Industrial Society Guided Reading Urbanization and the Growth of Cities GR The Enlightenment and Religion GR Women and the Enlightenment GR (159 cards)
1
Q
P. 480
Description of the “Old Regime”
A
Old traditions
Nobles and peasants wanted traditional/manorial rights
Hierarchical structure of society
Community rights
Church, aristocracy, then everybody else
2
Q
P. 482
Characteristics of aristocracy in 18th c.
A
Gained position by birthright
1-5 % of population, but wealthiest sector, most power
Great Britain: most innovative
3
Q
P. 484
Facts/characteristics of French nobility
A
Nobles of the sword/robe
Hobereaux
4
Q
P. 484-5
Features about the nobility of Europe
A
Streltsy: Russian military rulers Junkers: Prussian Boyars: Russian Peter the Great made Table of Ranks Catherine the Great- charter of nobility ( volunteer service )
5
Q
P. 485
Aristocratic Resurgance
A
Nobility’s reaction to threat of their power; the monarchies
6
Q
P. 485
Economic basis of 18th century life
A
- Land
Read more on pg. 449 in the textbook with Napoleon on the cover if you need to - Grain production
7
Q
P. 487
Facts of English game laws
A
Landowners had the exclusive right to hunt, leads to poachers
Like what Katniss does in the Hunger Games, she hunts, then sells food in a black market.
1831- parliament says other people can hunt, but the animals belong to the landowners
8
Q
P. 488-9
Family economy characteristics
A
Household = basic unit of production/consumption
NW vs. E Europe households- read more on pg. 451-2 in Napoleon textbook
9
Q
P. 492
Concerns of married women in pre-industrial Europe
A
To manage finances
Establish/maintain household
Main concern = earning enough money/ producing enough farm goods to ensure an adequate food supply
MAKING MONEY TO SUPPORT HUSBAND AND HOUSEHOLD
10
Q
P. 492-3
Characteristics about children in 18th c
A
Not always welcome, could end up in a foundling hospital
New interest, however, arose in educating them, often through the church
Literacy rates rose
Reared to help parents’ economy, then set up their own households
11
Q
P. 493
Bread prices during 18th c
A
Slowly but steadily rose
12
Q
P. 494
Agricultural methods used by the Dutch leading up to the agricultural revolution
A
Built dikes, drained land- polders
Experimented with clover/turnips
Cultivated sandy soil with fertilizers
12
Q
P. 497
Crops introduced to Europe from new world and their impacts
A
Potato
More certain food supply- enabled population to grow
One acre could feed a family for a year
(Maize also introduced)
13
Q
P. 493
Innovations and contributors of the agricultural revolution
A
Jethro Tull- seed drill and iron plow
Charles “Turnip” Townshend- crop rotation
Robert Bakewell- selective animal breeding
14
Q
P. 496
Open field system
A
Open field system:
Only used about half of the arable land
The community decided what would grow
2-3 fields that were unconnected
15
Q
P. 498-99
Causes, effects and characteristics of 18th c consumer revolution
A
disposable income, increased conscientious fashion, social mobility in England, demand for goods, marketing, Josiah Wedgwood
16
Q
P. 499
Industry which pioneered the industrial revolution
A
Textile
17
Q
P. 500
Water frame
A
1769 by Richard Arkwright
Allowed pure fabric production
Powered by water, so it was by rivers
18
Q
P. 500
Spinning jenny
A
1765 by James Hargreaves
Made 16 units of thread, instead of just one like before
Then in 1800, 120 could be made at the same time
19
Q
P. 500
Flying shuttle
A
1730s by John Kay
Increased productivity of the weavers
Bottleneck of fast weaving, but not thread-making
20
Q
P. 500
The power loom
A
1780s by Edmund Cartwright
Increased weaving production
21
Q
P. 501
Uses of steam engine
A
Pumping out mines
Transportation
Agriculture
Construction/destruction
22
Q
P. 501
Impact of steam engine
A
Revolutionized transportation
Permitted industrialization to grow
Steady, unlimited power supply
23
Q
P. 501
Inventors of steam engine
A
1700 by Thomas Newcomen To pump out mines Very inefficient 1769 by James Watt To run textile machinery Watt, Boulton, Wilkinson
24
P. 501-2
| Henry Cort and Iron production during the 18th c
Introduced a new puddling process
(Stirring/melting iron ore)
Made purer iron
Shaped iron into molds too
25
P. 500
| (Domestic) Putting-out system of textile production
Agents of merchants did all the dirty work
They took wool to the spinners' houses, then thread to the weavers', then cloth to the seamstresses.
Then the merchant sold it.
Inefficient
26
P. 497
| Reasons for England being the birthplace of the industrial revolution
```
Raw resources (iron ore/coal)
Colonies
London
Politically stable
Social mobility
Economic free trade
```
27
P. 502-4
| Impact of agricultural and industrial revolutions on women
Their jobs weren't needed anymore
28
P. 508
| Locations of main Jewish populations in 18th c
Not: Spain, France, Russia
In: Netherlands, Poland
29
P. 516-17
| Stages of European contact with the rest of the world since the renaissance
1- discovery, exploration, conquest, settlement
2- mercantilism
3- imperialism
4- decolonization
30
P. 517
| Factors that allowed European nations to dominate the rest of the world
Technological supremacy
Naval power
Gunpowder
31
P. 516
| Fundamental institution present during 1st 2 periods of European imperialism in the new world
Slavery, the manpower of mercantilism
32
P. 517
| Main rivals during the era of colonization
Spain, France, Great Britain, and to a lesser extent, the Netherlands
33
P. 517-18
| Description of mercantilism
The economic theory which holds that the prosperity of a nation depends upon the nation's supply of capital.
More exports, less imports
Gold and silver bullion
34
P. 518
| Purposes of colonies and home country in mercantilism
The colonies are to preserve resources for the home country.
| The colonies do all the work, so the home country can grow prosperous and export lots of materials.
35
P. 523
| 'Peninsulares'
Spanish colonists born on peninsula of Spain
| Given privileges/ rights in the colonies
36
P. 519
| Purpose of the Spanish empire until mid 18th c
To raise economy in mother country
| To provide capital resources
37
P. 523
| Creole
Born in Spanish colonies
Considered lesser citizens
Not as many privileges as peninsulares
38
P. 532
| Two areas of conflict during mid 18th c among great nations
1- colonial territories
| 2- central/Eastern Europe (HRE)
39
P. 496
| Enclosure Movement
Nobles that owned land passed acts
Was more efficient
Consolidated unconnected strips of land
Commercialized agriculture
40
P. 532
| Cause and purpose and significance of War of Jenkins' Ear
Some Spanish police guys boarded Jenkins' ship, which had "stolen goods" and then they cut off his ear. He then took his freaky ear back to Parliament, and Walpole reluctantly agreed to fight Spain.
It dissolved treaties, and started lots of conflicts. It led to the War of Austrian Succession.
41
P. 533-34
| Alliances and significance of the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
Britain + Prussia vs. France + Austria
| All the alliances are different than in the War of Austrian Succession
42
P. 534-35
| Biggest victors of the Seven Years' War
Britain and Prussia
43
P. 536
| Purpose of the Stamp Act
Money was supposed to stay in America, but the colonists thought that was a bunch of bull, so they formed the Stamp Act Congress
44
P. 537
| Characteristics of the Intolerable Acts
Politics were reorganized
| British troops were quartered in private homes
45
P. 537
| "Common Sense"
Pamphlet by Thomas Paine
| Galvanized American support for separation
46
P. 541
| Results/outcomes of the American Revolution concerning slavery, rights, and society
Not equal rights
| In South, slavery was enhanced
47
P. 536-37
| Reason for American resentment towards British attempts to tax them
No taxation without representation
| Self governance / popular sovereignty
48
P. 537-538
| Ideas and events that American ideals were based upon
The Glorious Revolution
Two Treatises of Government by John Locke
Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws
The Commonwealthmen + Cato's Letters
49
P. 552
| Two most important (people and) influences in Enlightenment
1. Isaac Newton- Newtonian worldview
2. John Locke- Tabula Rasa
3. Great Britain- limited monarchical power
4. Print culture
50
P. 552
| Uniqueness of Britain politically and socially leading up to the Enlightenment
Glorious revolution + bill of rights
| Domestic/religious/political/economical stability
51
P. 554
| Public opinion
Created by print culture
| Creates a more informed people
52
P. 553
| Print culture
Increase in printed materials
Especially novels
But also: newspapers, encyclopedias, pamphlets, journals
53
P. 557
| Voltaire's views and literary works on Britain
They were advanced : politically, socially, etc
| Wrote Letters on the English
54
P. 557-8
| Voltaire's literary works and their subject matters
Letters on the English- gov't of English
Elements of the Philosophy of Newton- popularized Newton
Candide- sarcastic optimistic views
55
P. 558
| Philosophes criticism of Christian church
Original sin: causes no improvement
Intolerance: root of wars
Assumed major role in politics
Focused on life AFTER
56
P. 559
| Major points of the Deists Creed
1- there is a God
| 2- there is life after death
57
P. 561
| 'Ethics'
Spinoza wrote it
Was pretty extreme, radical, and banned.
Said God and Nature were the same thing
Spinoza was then considered a martyr by other Philosophes
58
P. 561
| Moses Mendelsohn
aka Jewish Socrates, Father of reformed Judaism
| Said Jews should assimilate uniquely
59
P. 562
| Pascal's view of Islam
Dangerous
| Promiscuous-polygamy
60
P. 564
| Editors, contributors, topics/themes and effects of 'the encyclopedia'
Diderot and d'Alembert
100+ authors
To probe the life on earth
Spread enlightenment ideals farther than any other single work
61
P. 564-5
| 'On crimes and punishments'
By Becarria
To reform criminals, not just automatically kill them
Popular= rational law
Penal systems shouldn't play the role of god
Utilitarian GREATEST GOOD FOR GREATEST NUMBER
62
P. 566
| Adam Smith and views on Mercantilism
Encouraged abolishment of mercantilism
| Wanted laissez-faire enterprise
63
P. 566
| 'The Wealth of Nations'
By Adam Smith
Laissez-faire economics
" we need to unleash the monster"
64
P. 566
| Role and purpose of gov't according to Adam Smith
Said gov't should provide infrastructure/
protect property/
open foreign markets if an individual can't
65
P. 566
| Adam Smith's four-stage theory
1- Hunter/gatherer
2- pastoral herding
3- agriculture
4- commercial
66
P. 566
| Laissez-faire economics
Adam Smith
| Hands-off enterprise
67
P. 555-6
| Beliefs of physiocrats
Current economic system; mercantilism, is bad
68
P. 568
| Rousseau and human nature, evil in the world, views on women and individualism versus community
People = selfish, evil because of uneven distribution of property
Anti-women: inferior, specific social/ domestic roles
COMMUNITY OVER INDIVIDUAL
69
P. 569
| Injustices as grounds for criticism of imperialism from Enlightenment thinkers
Conquest,
| Treatment of: Native American Indians, African slaves
70
P. 571
| Views of Herder
Cultural Relativism
| Goal of any society should be: understanding, not conquering/destroying other cultures
71
P. 567
| Montesquieu's literary works, views on government, England, preferred government for France, etc.
Wrote Spirit of the Laws
| SEPARATION OF POWERS- constitutional monarchy
72
P. 573
| Philosophes views on women
They weren't feminists in general
Wasn't really a huge concern for most of them
Some ( like Rousseau) were really against women advancing in society
73
P. 575
| Characteristics, themes, examples and major artists of neoclassical art
```
Embodied models of ancient/ Renaissance/ humanistic/ classical
Secular
Jacques Louis David = giant of Neoclassical art
French Revolution- type art
Was didactic (somber/serious)
```
74
P. 575
| Characteristics, themes, examples and supporters of rococo art
Preceded Neoclassical art
Accepted by French aristocracy- was playful/ soft/ lavish
Louis XV liked it
The Imperial Art Hall in Bavaria had the most Rococo art
75
P. 580
| Enlightened absolutism under Frederick the great and self-proclaimed title
Promotion through Merit
Religious Toleration
Codification of Prussian law
Called himself "the first servant of the State"
76
P. 586
| Enlightened absolutism under Catherine the great
Befriended nobles/Philosophes
Wanted to revise law/gov't of Russia with popular support, but the big council she got together wanted an autocratical monarchy, and she was absolutist. So she made reforms on her own authority. She improved the economy and expanded Russia's territory
77
P. 580-89
| Absolutist monarchs directly associated with the ideals of the Enlightenment
Frederick the Great, Joseph II, Catherine the Great
78
P. 584
| Joseph II of Austria and social reforms
Authority over regions
Catholic Church + religious toleration
Trade barriers, serfs
79
P. 587
| Catherine the great of Russia and the nobility
Friends, but then they didn't really change anything because she wanted to remain absolutist. She then gave them power with the Charter of the Nobility
80
P. 587
| Catherine the great's territorial aspirations and conquests
Warm-water ports = war with Turks
Got Danube River ports, and Black Sea outlet, and Crimea.
Later gave up Danube River ports for part of Poland
81
P. 588
| Results of the first partition of Poland
Poland was divided between:
- Russia: area with 2 million inhabitants
- Prussia: connected its two areas (east Prussia and Prussia proper)
- Austria: Galicia, S. Poland, salt mines, 2.5 million people
82
Facts about Gotthold Lessing
Author of play (Nathan the Wise= main character, quoted Moses Mendelsohn), about religious toleration
Was critical of the way Christians treated non- Christians
83
Identify the four social levels of Europe's prerevolutionary old regime
1- aristocratic elites
2- established churches
3- an urban labor force
4- A rural peasantry
84
Why did Nobles and peasants each call for the restoration of traditional, or customary, rights in pre-Revolutionary Europe?
Nobles wanted "ancient rights" against the intrusion of monarchical bureaucracies
Peasants wanted "customary manorial rights", that allowed them access to particular lands, courts, or grievance procedures
85
What was the most important fact of life for most of the population, and the greatest concern for governments, in preindustrial Europe and why?
The quality and quantity of the grain harvest
| The economy was based on agriculture
86
What type of rights and privileges to 18th-century Europeans enjoy? Identify specific examples.
Community-based rights
Churches, guilds, universities were communities
-if you were a member of the guild community, you have the right to print a book or whatever your guild does-
87
Describe the aristocracy of 18th-century Europe
They were only 1 to 5% of the population, but they were the wealthiest group. They had the most power, and they set the tone of polite society. Most had a separate house in: Parliament, Estate, Diet. Most of their income came from the land. In England and France, they embraced the "commercial spirit", and weren't idle.
88
In what ways was the British nobility unique compared to the nobility of the rest of Europe?
- Smallest/wealthiest (400 families)
- They controlled the House of Lords and the House of Commons
- Owned 1/4 of the arable land
- They invested their wealth in commerce
- Their country houses where the centers of local society
89
What differentiated"nobles of the sword" from "nobles of the robe" in prerevolutionary France? Who were the hobereaux?
Nobles of the sword gained nobility from military service
Nobles of the robe served in bureaucracy or purchased their titles
Hobereaux were provincial nobility, and not much better than peasants
90
Identify the names used to identify the nobility in Poland, Prussia, and Russia and describe their respective privileges
Poland= szlachta, exempt from taxes after 1741
Possessed right of life/death over serfs until 1768
Prussia= Junkers, whose power grew after 1740
Because war required their full support
Russia= nobles from the Table of Ranks, who resisted compulsory
State service
Could transmit noble status to wife + kids
Judicial protection of rights/ property
Considerable power over serfs
Exemption from personal taxes
91
Identify and explain the four ways by which the European aristocracy attempted to reassert their social position and privilege against the expanding power of absolute monarchies during the aristocratic resurgence of the 18th century
1- tried to preserve exclusiveness by making it hard to become a noble
2- pushed to reserve appointment to the officer corps of the armies, senior posts in the bureaucracy / government ministry, upper ranks of church exclusively for Nobles
3- tried to use: Parliament, French courts (parlements), estates/diets of Germany and the Habsburgs against the Monarch
4- get more money by being exempt from taxes/ collected higher rent or dues from peasantry
92
How did the social status and condition of the peasantry of pre-revolution Europe change when moving across the continent from West to east- from Britain to Russia?
Best to worst
Highest to lowest
Most freedom to least freedom
93
Define the following: banalities? seigneur? corvée? robot?
Banalities: certain feudal dues required by use-for-payment of grain mills
Seigneur: lord who has a grain mill
Corvée: practice of forced labor determined by a seigneur
Robot: service (to the lords) required by law
94
What were the general causes behind peasant revolts of the 18th century, such as Pugachev's Rebellion in Russia? Why were such revolts generally considered conservative in nature?
The government gave the lords power over the serfs in exchange for cooperation. In Pugachev's Rebellion, Emelyan Pugachev promised serfs their own land and freedom
Rebels sought to reestablish traditional rights
95
Describe the English game laws. What was their purpose? How did the game laws lead to poaching? How and why were the game laws ultimately altered in 1831?
Only Nobles could hunt hares and fowl. It's like in the hunger games, when Katniss needs food, so she poaches animals. People poached animals and then sold them in a black market.
In 1831, Parliament said landowners owned the game, but other people could hunt it.
96
Describe the function of the family economy. How was it organized? Who participated in it, and in what ways?
It was the basic unit of production or consumption. Everybody had a home with other people, and everyone in the house worked, nobody was idle. The father and older kids were harvesters, or laborers. If the father was a migrant worker, the wife and kids worked the farm. If they lived in the city: father was chief artisan, eldest child was the next in line for the business, so they were trained to run it, and the wife sold wares or operated the shop.
97
What was the function of women in the pre-industrial European family economy? Distinguish between the functions of an unmarried versus a married woman.
Unmarried: can't support herself
Helps parents until she has to get a job to make her dowry
Married: helps with husband's job
98
Why was marriage usually delayed in pre-industrial European society?
Women had to work for like 10 years to get a dowry
99
In what ways that the work of married women differ between city and country?
City : in charge of finances, help manage business
| Country: carried things, or actually plowed, planted, and harvested
100
What was meant by the term "economy of expedients"?
If economic disaster struck, the wife organized it. Family members were sent off to work or even beg in the streets.
101
Why were pregnancy and childbirth typically a time of fear and vulnerability for pre-industrial European women?
Contagious diseases threatened the mother and child, fevers were common, and infections were too.
Wet nurses were also a necessity for poor women
102
Why was the birth of a child not always welcome in pre-industrial Europe?
It's another mouth to feed
It could be illegitimate, as promiscuity was pretty common
These led to infanticide
103
What were foundling hospitals? For what reasons were children typically abandoned?
They were like orphanages. If children were illegitimate, or their parents couldn't support them, and they didn't actually kill their kid, they dropped it off at one of these.
104
In what ways did attitudes toward children begin to change during the 18th century? How did this new attitude differ from attitudes of the old regime?
- educating children
- literacy rates increased
19th c: children were reared to become members of a national citizenry
Old regime: children were reared to make contribution to economy of parents' family, and then set up their own households
105
Why was their economic position particularly vulnerable?
If a poor harvest made the food price go up, their business suffered.
106
What role did the guilds play in the lives of 18th c. Urban artisans?
NOT: growth/innovation
THEY DID: preserve skills and jobs
Provided framework for social and economic advancement
107
What were the typical causes of urban riots in 18th c. Europe?
-artisans were economically offended
-THE PRICE OF BREAD
(Confiscation/selling at "just" price/ returning of money earned)
-religious bigotry
108
How did these causes (of urban riots) begin to change by the end of the century?
Urban riots increasingly involved political ends
| Political riots had non-artisan leadership/ instigation
109
In what ways were European Jews forced to maintain a separate existence from the mainstream of European society well into the 18th c?
-Most lived in Eastern Europe
-Catherine the great excluded them from the foreign manifesto.
-needed protection from the local officials
-(except in Britain) they were kind of self-governing in Ghettos
(Ghettos: self-governing community)
110
P. 532
| Facts about the War of Austrian Succession
Started in 1740
Frederick II invaded Silesia
Broke conditions of Pragmatic Sanctions of 1713
Maria Theresa was threatened
France supports Prussia
Britain kicks French butt in Germany and America
111
Geographically, how did patterns of urbanization change in Europe between 1500 and 1800?
From the Mediterranean -> North
| More stats on pg. 465 in the Napoleon book
112
Between 1600 and1750, which types of cities were most likely to experience vigorous growth?
Capitals and ports
113
When did the growth of capitals and ports reflect?
The success of monarchical state building
Capitals: consequent burgeoning of bureaucracies, armies, courts etc. who lived in the capitals.
Ports: expansion of European overseas trade (Atlantic).
114
What types of urban centers declined, and why?
The rates of existing large cities declined because new cities and expansion of small existing ones grew.
115
After 1750, what factors account for the emergence of new cities, as well as the exceptional growth of many smaller, pre-existing cities?
1-population increase
2-industrial revolution
3-factories
4-prosperity of agriculture
116
Describe life for Europe's urban poor of the 18th and 19th centuries
- they were segregated, and most lived by the rivers
- not sanitary, and didn't have a very good water supply
- dirt, filth, and stench were everywhere
117
What ways was poverty more visible (but not worse) in the cities than the countrysides?
Crime, prostitution, vagrancy, begging, alcoholism, poor housing, degradation, and death
118
What social roles were played by the urban upper classes of the 18th and 19th centuries?
Council members, merchants, bankers, financiers, clergy, Government officials, nobility
119
Who typically made up the urban middle-class?
Merchants, tradespeople, bankers, professionals
120
What ways did the urban middle-class foster the revolution in consumption which fueled the Industrial Revolution?
1-as owners of factories and stores, they made and sold goods
2-they were the chief consumers
Fully embraced the commercial spirit
121
The relationship, in general terms, between the European middle class and aristocracy of the pre-French Revolution 18th-century?
```
Complicated
The middle class, or the bourgeoisie, wanted to be like aristocrats. But, the aristocrats didn't want the middle class to take their power.
```
122
When tensions did arise between these two groups, around what issues did their debates revolve?
Issues of power-sharing or access to political influence
123
Why did the middle-class typically fear the urban lower classes?
The thought that the urban lower classes was a potentially violent threat. Urban lower classes also drained national resources.
124
Who typically made up the urban artisan class?
Grocers, butchers, fishmongers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, smiths, printers, handloom weavers, tailors
125
In what ways were European Jews discriminated against?
Loans weren't repaid
| They were religiously separate
126
Alliances in the war of Austrian succession
Britain + Austria vs. France + Prussia
127
Alliances in the seven years' war
Britain + Prussia vs. France + Austria
128
P. 552
| Britain's influence on the Enlightenment
Freedom of speech/ press, etc
129
What did Voltair hope to imply when he uttered, "crush the infamous thing! "?
Was attacking religious persecution and advocating toleration
he was criticizing the church in general
130
What were the primary complaints of the philosophes against established religion? Were they justified? Why or why not?
The church hindered pursuit of natural life and the scientific study of humanity and nature
This is kind of an opinion question
131
What political, economic, and social practices of established religion did the philosophes hope to reform and why?
The old regime, the clergy being exempt from taxes, the clergy and only powerful people, the clergy controlled education
In general the clergy in existence have all the power
132
How did deism differ from traditional Christianity?
It was religion without fanaticism or intolerance
| It was largely substituting human reason for authority of churches
133
How was Deism influenced by the Newtonian worldview?
Nature was rational, so God must also be rational, so religion should be rational, not supernatural or mystical
134
How did deism differ from Newton's reconciliation with God?
```
Newtonian= God could interfere with the natural order
Deism= divine "watchmaker" who made the world, then "departed"
```
135
What impact did the Deists hope their faith would have in established religion? Was that hope realistic? Why or why not?
It would end the rivalry between the various Christian sects, religious fanaticism, conflict and persecution
Not realistic, because people are idiots and are set in their ways
136
Which of the Philosophes became the champion of religious toleration
Voltaire
137
How Much religious toleration did the philosophes hope to achieve?
Not only of different Christian sects, but also of religious faith other than Christianity
138
What was the basic premise behind their calls for toleration?
Life on earth and human relationships should not be subordinated to religious zeal that permitted one group of people to persecute, harm, or repress other groups
139
Describe the most radical criticisms of Christianity made by Voltaire
In his Philosophical Dictionary, he criticized inconsistencies in biblical stories
140
Describe the most radical criticisms of Christianity made by David Hume
In a chapter of Inquiry into Human Nature, "Of Miracles," he said no empirical evidence supported centrally Christian divine miracles' belief, and that the greatest miracle to him, was that people believe in miracles.
141
Describe the most radical criticisms of Christianity made by Edward Gibbon
In The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, he explained the rise of Christianity in terms of natural causes, not miracles or piety
142
Describe the relationship between God and nature as defined by Baruch Spinoza
In Ethics: nature and God is a single divine substance
| In Theologico-Politico Treatise: he described origins of religion in thoroughly naturalistic terms
143
In what ways did the philosophy of Moses Mendelson differ from that of Spinoza?
A Jew could combine loyalty to Judaism with adherence to rational, Enlightenment values.
he wished to advocate religious toleration while genuinely sustaining the traditional religion of Judaism
144
How did European writers of the 18th century portray Islam, and in what ways did they attack it?
They were hostile to Islam and deeply misleading, called it a "false religion", said it was carnal, promiscuous, and were against harems in the Islamic world
145
What views did Voltaire have about Islam?
It's just another example of religious fanaticism he had already criticized Christians for
146
What views did John Toland have about Islam?
He said it was a form of Christianity, and was against prejudice against Jews and Muslims
147
What were the views of Montesquieu toward Islam?
He associated Islamic society with the passivity that he ascribed to people subject to political depotism
Said religion presented Ottomans from technologically advancing
148
What views did Lady Mary Wortley Montagu portray in her Turkish Embassy letters?
She praised Ottoman society and said it had better architecture than Western Europe. She thought women were free although they were covered with clothing. The anonymity was freedom in Istanbul. She also said the hostile views of Islam are incorrect
149
What did the Ulama, a Islamic religious establishment, teach Muslims about the Christianity?
There is little to learn from Christian culture, because they believed, Islam replaced Christianity is a religion
150
How did the salons of Paris allow women to participate in the enlightenment?
It made the women well-connected with political figures
| Distributed writings of philosophes among their friends
151
What benefits did the salons provide to the philosophes?
It gave access to useful social and political contacts and a receptive environment in which to circulate their ideas
The association with fashion also increased their social status
152
What was the general attitude of the philosophes toward women and their social conditions
They weren't strong feminists, but they urged for better and broader education. The philosophe said that when they had currently was too religious
advocated no radical change
153
Describe the specific women presented by Montesquieu
The status of women was a result of climate, political regime, culture, physiology. Women not naturally inferior to men. He was aware of their repression, but he thought men should dominate marriage. He upheld the ideal of female chastity
154
Describe the specific opinions of women presented by Rousseau
He said men and women occupy different spheres. Women should just please men, and are only good at feeling or giving love. A lot of women breast-fed after he said that motherhood was important.
155
Describe the specific opinions of women presented by the encyclopedia
Women didn't need reform. Emphasized physical weakness and inferiority. There were different views from many male authors, but in general they viewed women as only family members
156
Despite his view that men and women occupy different spheres, in what ways did Rousseau achiever best following among women in 18th-century
Many women breast-fed instead of using wetnurses
| Rousseau stressed the importance of emotions
157
What inspired Mary Wollstonecraft to write A Vindication a of The Rights Of Women
She opposed the policies of the French Revolution, she said they were unfavorable to women
158
Describe Mary Wollstonecraft's basic argument in opposition to the views of Rousseau, and in favor of providing women a good education
To confine women to "domestic spheres "makes them sensual slaves of men
Victims of male tyranny, blind obedience, could never achieve on moral or intellectual identity
