Unit 4

Question 1

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment is known as _________ (EX: Sight, Smell, Touch).

Answer 1

Sensation

Question 2

How we select, organize, and interpret those sensations (Sight, Smell, Touch) is called __________. (*)

Answer 2

Perception

Question 3

When a message is sent from your senses to your brain it is called _____-____ ______. (*)

Answer 3

Bottom-Up Processing

Question 4

When a message is sent from your brain telling your senses what to experience

Answer 4

Top-Down Processing

Question 5

The study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience with them is known as ________

Answer 5

Psychophysics

Question 6

The minimum/maximum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time is known as the ______ ______. (***)

Answer 6

Absolute Threshold

Question 7

The _______ _______ is the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time (quiet sound takes less than louder sound)

Answer 7

Difference Threshold

Question 8

When stimuli are below a person’s absolute threshold we say they are on the _____ ______ (ELLEN, ROME, CHEESE). (*)

Answer 8

Subliminal Threshold

Question 9

_______ ______ states that two stimuli need to differ by a certain percentage, and not a certain amount to be perceived as different. (***)

Answer 9

Weber’s Law

Question 10

The THEORY that says a person’s absolute threshold can change depending on the situation they are in (EX: people in war) (*)

Answer 10

Signal Detection Theory

Question 11

When you are continuously stimulated by the same stimuli you will stop realizing its there. This is known as ______ _______. (EX: band aids) (***)

Answer 11

Sensory Adaptation

Question 12

The transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses is known as ___________.

Answer 12

Transduction

Question 13

The specific transfer of light energy into neural impulses that the brain can understand (vision) is known as ____________.

Answer 13

Phototransduction

Question 14

The ________, or frequency determines the ___________ of light (large=red, small=blue/violet)

Answer 14

Wavelength, Hue(color)

Question 15

The _________, or the amplitude (size of the wave) is related to the ___________ of light (High=birght, low=dull)

Answer 15

Intensity, Brightness

Question 16

The First part of the eye that is made up of a transparent tissue (cover) where light enters the eye

Answer 16

Cornea

Question 17

The second part of the eye that is a muscle that expands and contracts to change their size of the opening (pupil) for light (colored part of eye)

Answer 17

Iris

Question 18

The third part of the eye that focuses the light ray on the retina

Answer 18

Lens

Question 19

The fourth part of the eye that contains sensory receptors (cones and rods) that process visual information and sends it to the brain (allows you to see)

Answer 19

Retina

Question 20

The fifth part of the eye that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain (this also creates a blind spot)

Answer 20

Optic Nerve

Question 21

The part of the eye that is the central point of the retina around which the eye’s cones cluster

Answer 21

Fovea

Question 22

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina is known as _____________ (**)

Answer 22

Accommodation

Question 23

If you can see near objects but far objects are blurry you are _________ (***)

Answer 23

Nearsighted

Question 24

If you can see far objects but near objects are blurry you are ____________ (**)

Answer 24

Farsighted

Question 25

In what order does light travel through your eye (********)

Answer 25

cornea, Iris/Pupil, Lens, Retina (rods/cones), Bipolar cells, Ganglion cells, Optic nerve, Optic chasm, Thalamus, Occipital lobe

Question 26

The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye where no rods or cones are present is known as the _________ (*******)

Answer 26

Blindspot

Question 27

What are the characteristics of Rods and Cones (*******)

Answer 27

1) Rods and Cones are photo-receptors that transduce light and color/brightness 2) You have more rods than cones 3) Cones are in the center of the retina while rods are on the periphery 4) Cones see in color and not in the dark 5) Rods don't see color but they can see in the dark

Question 28

_______ _______ refers to the nerve cells in the visual cortex that respond to specific features (edges, angles, movement)

Answer 28

Feature Detectors

Question 29

______ _______ refers to specific areas of the temporal lobe are active when particular shapes are present

Answer 29

Shape Detectors

Question 30

The ______ ______ _____ is an area in the temporal lobe dedicated to recognizing faces (*)

Answer 30

Fusiform Face Area

Question 31

If someone has a inability to recognize faces we call that _________ (if someone can't recognize faces) (*)

Answer 31

Prosopagnosia

Question 32

When your process several aspects of stimulus simultaneously it is called ______ _____

Answer 32

Parallel processing

Question 33

The THEORY (also known as the Young-Helmholtz-Theory) that states that there are cones for blue, green, and red colors and that any other color you can see is a combination of those (*)

Answer 33

Trichromatic Theory

Question 34

How does the Addition and Subtraction of Colors work

Answer 34

Paint/pigments that are red, blue, and yellow when combined you subtract wavelengths, so you will eventually end with brown or black. But when dealing with light the 3 primary colors are blue, red, and green, so when you mix light you add wavelengths so you'll eventually end up with white.

Question 35

What is the term that describes the inability to distinguish between red/green and blue/yellow

Answer 35

Dichromatism

Question 36

What is the term that describes the inability to perceive color

Answer 36

Monochromatism

Question 37

The THEORY that states that we process that 4 colors are seen by the ganglion cells combined in pairs of red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white. (**) (You need to know what pairs together for test)

Answer 37

Opponent Process Theory

Question 38

_____ ______ are composed of air molecules that are being compressed and refracted before they hit your ear

Answer 38

Sound Waves

Question 39

Remember, Transduction refers to turning sensory stimuli into a neural code. When we talk about sound waves specifically and turning them into neural code we call that __________ ______

Answer 39

Acoustical Transduction

Question 40

The shorter the _________ (or frequency) of a sound wave, the higher the _______ and vice versa

Answer 40

Wavelength, pitch

Question 41

The higher the _________ (or height) of a sound wave is the ________ the sound will be and vice versa

Answer 41

Amplitude, Louder

Question 42

what are the 3 parts that make up the outer ear (first parts of the ear) (********)

Answer 42

Pinna (fleshy outer part), Auditory canal (the hole), Eardrum (still soundwaves)

Question 43

the 2 parts that make up the middle of the ear (includes the 3 bones) (********)

Answer 43

Ossicles (3 tiny bones: hammer, anvil, stirrup), Oval Window (hole in the stirrup)

Question 44

The 6 parts that make up the inner Ear (*******)

Answer 44

Cochlea, Basilar Membrane, hair cells (=transduction), auditory nerve, Thalamus, Temporal lobe (IN THAT ORDER)

Question 45

The name for the coiled, bony, snail-like, fluid filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory systems (*******)

Answer 45

Cochlea

Question 46

What are the 3 theories that talk about how hair cells hear different pitches (**)

Answer 46

1) Place Theory 2) Frequency theory 3) Volley Theory

Question 47

What does the Place Theory state about how hair cells hear different pitches (**)

Answer 47

There are hair cells for high pitches and hair cells for low pitches, it depends where the stimulation happens

Question 48

What does the Frequency theory state about how hair cells hear different pitches (**)

Answer 48

All hair cells can hear all pitches, it just depends on how fast the hair cells are stimulated that allow one to hear different pitches

Question 49

What does the Volley Theory state about how hair cells hear different pitches (**)

Answer 49

For really high frequencies, multiple ares of the basilar membrane alternate back and forth to achieve a combined high frequency sound

Question 50

Because our two ears are spread apart we can ________ sounds

Answer 50

localize

Question 51

What are the 2 factors that allow us to localize sound

Answer 51

1) intensity differences (one ear hears it louder) 2) Time differences (one ear hears it sooner)

Question 52

Hearing loss that is caused by damage to a part of the hearing process up, but not including, the cochlea is known as _______ _______ (can be fixed by hearing aids)

Answer 52

Conduction Hearing Loss

Question 53

Hearing Loss that is caused by damage to a part of the hearing process from the cochlea on is known as _______ ______ ______ (can be fixed by cochlear implants)

Answer 53

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Question 54

The sense of ______ is a combination of 4 distinct skin senses. What are they (*)

Answer 54

Touch Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

Question 55

______ is actually quite beneficial to human beings as it can determine if something is wrong

Answer 55

Pain

Question 56

______ ______ ______ occurs to some people who have lost a limb. They can sometimes still feel sensation in the missing limb, often manifesting as pain

Answer 56

Phantom Limb Sensation

Question 57

What does the Gate-control Theory of Pain state (*)

Answer 57

There is a gate on our spinal cord that when opened sends pain, but when shut blocks pain. (When doing stuff it might close gate, when not doing stuff the gate might open)

Question 58

What are the 6 methods that can aid in the reduction of pain

Answer 58

drugs, surgery, acupuncture, exercise, hypnosis, and even distractions

Question 59

Your two chemical senses are _______ an _______ (*)

Answer 59

Taste, Smell

Question 60

Why are taste and smell called chemical senses (*)

Answer 60

Because chemical messages are sent through the tongue and nose for us to experience taste and smell

Question 61

What are the six unique taste sensations (**)

Answer 61

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umani (or savory), oleogustus (oily/fat) (HINT FOR TEST: you can;t taste spicy)

Question 62

How strong can you taste (what are the 3 groups of tasters)

Answer 62

1) super tasters (very high sense of taste) 2) medium tasters (average sense of taste) 3) non tasters (very low sense of taste)

Question 63

When senses work together, such as taste and smell, we call that ______ ______

Answer 63

Sensory Interaction

Question 64

_________ occurs when a person has senses that interact in unusual ways

Answer 64

Synethesia

Question 65

What are the 7 pieces of important info about your senses of smell (*)

Answer 65

1) It is also known as the ALFACTORY SYSTEM (VERY IMPORTANT) 2) There are many unique smell sensations. 3) Smell bypasses the thalamus and goes right to the temporal lobe 4) PHEROMONES are chemicals messages from people/animals that give them a distinct smell. 5) smell declines with age 6) Women are better at detecting odors than men 7) The brain region for smell and the brain region for memory are located close together, therefore your senses of smell is highly connected to your memories

Question 66

Knowing how your body is positioned in space and how your body senses it's movement is called ________

Answer 66

Kinethesis

Question 67

The _______ _______ located behind the ear is the control of your balance and your head's position

Answer 67

Vestibular sense

Question 68

The Vestibular sense is controlled by your __________ ______ and your _________ _________ in your inner ear

Answer 68

Semicircular canals, vestibular sacs

Question 69

______ _______ sometimes allows our senses to affect our thinking (EX: A hard chair might make a teacher more strict)

Answer 69

Embodied Cognition