unit 4 Flashcards
What are attitudes, according to Branscombe and Baron (2017)?
People’s evaluations of almost any aspect of the world.
What role does self-interest play in attitude formation?
It influences the intensity with which attitudes are held.
How are attitudes categorized based on accessibility?
Explicit attitudes are conscious and reportable, while implicit attitudes are less controllable and not always accessible.
What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?
A computer-based test measuring automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words.
What are the pros of the IAT?
Supports the theory of dual processing, predicts behaviors better than explicit attitudes.
What are the cons of the IAT?
Susceptible to faking and interference by general knowledge or stereotypes.
What is classical conditioning in attitude formation?
Learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a positive or negative stimulus.
How does subliminal conditioning affect attitudes?
Attitudes are changed through mere exposure, even when the individual is unaware of the stimuli.
What is the illusion of truth effect?
Repetition of a message creates familiarity, leading to more positive attitudes.
What is instrumental conditioning in attitude formation?
Learning where attitudes are shaped by rewards for the ‘right’ views.
How do social networks influence attitudes?
New social networks can introduce individuals to strong arguments and change their attitudes.
What is observational learning in attitude formation?
Acquiring attitudes or behaviors by observing others.
How does social comparison affect attitude formation?
People compare their views with others to determine their accuracy.
What are reference groups?
Groups whose attitudes influence an individual’s own attitudes due to identification with the group.
What is the role of attitude extremity in influencing behavior?
The stronger the vested interest, the more likely attitudes will influence behavior.
What is attitude certainty, and why is it important?
It involves clarity and correctness, increasing the link between attitudes and behavior.
What is the cognitive dissonance theory?
The discomfort caused by inconsistent attitudes and behaviors, leading to attitude change.
What is persuasion in the context of attitude change?
The process of changing attitudes through communicators, messages, and audiences.
What is reactance in resisting persuasion?
A reaction to protect personal freedom by rejecting persuasive attempts.
How does forewarning affect resistance to persuasion?
Prior knowledge of persuasive intent strengthens resistance.
What is selective avoidance in resisting persuasion?
Avoiding messages that challenge existing attitudes.
What is counterarguing in resistance to persuasion?
Actively refuting opposing arguments to defend one’s attitudes.
What are explicit attitudes?
Conscious and reportable attitudes.
What are implicit attitudes?
Less controllable and potentially not consciously accessible attitudes.
