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AP Psychology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Actor/observer effect

A

The tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external factors while attributing others’ actions to internal factors

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2
Q

Attribution Theory

A

A theory that explains how individuals infer the causes of their own and others’ behavior

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3
Q

Culture

A

The shared beliefs, norms, and values of a group that influence behavior and perceptions

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4
Q

Dispositional Attribution

A

Assigning the cause of behavior to internal characteristics, such as personality traits

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5
Q

Downward Social Comparison

A

Comparing oneself to others who are worse off to feel better about one’s own situation

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6
Q

Explanatory Style

A

An individual’s habitual way of explaining events, typically assessed along dimensions like internal/external, stable/unstable, and global/specific

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7
Q

External Locus of Control

A

Belief that external forces, such as fate or luck, determine life events

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8
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and underestimate situational factors when explaining others’ behavior

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9
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

Belief that one controls their own destiny and outcomes are the result of personal effort

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10
Q

Lateral Social Comparison

A

Comparing oneself to others who are similar in relevant aspects

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11
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

Increased liking of a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it

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12
Q

Optimistic Explanatory Style

A

Attributing negative events to external, unstable, and specific factors

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13
Q

Pessimistic Explanatory Style

A

Attributing negative events to internal, stable, and global factors

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14
Q

Relative Deprivation

A

Feeling deprived when comparing oneself to others who are better off

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15
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment due to behavior aligning with expectations

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16
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors to maintain self-esteem

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17
Q

Situational Attribution

A

Assigning the cause of behavior to external factors, such as the environment or context

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18
Q

Social Comparison

A

Evaluating oneself by comparing with others

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19
Q

Upward Social Comparison

A

Comparing oneself to others who are better off to motivate self-improvement

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20
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Maintaining a belief despite encountering contradictory information

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21
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

The discomfort experienced when holding conflicting cognitions simultaneously

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22
Q

Cognitive Load

A

The total amount of mental effort being used in working memory

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23
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s preconceptions

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24
Q

Discrimination

A

Unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex

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25
Ethnocentrism
Evaluating other cultures according to the standards of one's own culture, often with a sense of superiority.​
26
Implicit Attitudes
Unconscious beliefs or feelings that influence behavior and perceptions.​
27
Ingroup
A group to which an individual feels they belong.​
28
Ingroup Bias
Preference and affinity for one's own group over others
29
Just-World Phenomenon
The belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.​
30
Outgroup
A group to which an individual does not identify or belong​
31
Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
Perceiving members of an outgroup as more similar to each other than members of one's ingroup
32
Prejudice
Preconceived opinion not based on reason or actual experience
33
Stereotype
A generalized belief about a particular category of people
34
False Consensus Effect
The tendency to overestimate how much others share our beliefs and behaviors.
35
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
A persuasion strategy where a small request is made first to increase compliance with a larger request later.
36
Group Polarization
The tendency for group discussions to amplify the initial attitudes and opinions of group members, leading to more extreme positions.
37
Groupthink
The mode of thinking in which the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives.
38
Halo Effect
A cognitive bias where an overall impression of a person influences judgments about their specific traits
39
Individualism
A cultural value that emphasizes personal goals and individual rights over group goals
40
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
The application of psychological principles to the workplace to improve productivity and employee well-being.
41
Informational Social Influence
Conforming because one accepts others’ opinions as accurate information.
42
Multiculturalism
A perspective that recognizes and values cultural diversity.
43
Normative Social Influence
Conforming to gain social approval or avoid rejection.
44
Obedience
Following the orders of an authority figure
45
Peripheral Route
Persuasion that occurs through superficial cues, such as attractiveness or emotions, rather than deep processing of the argument.
46
Persuasion
The process of changing attitudes or behaviors through communication
47
Prosocial Behavior
Voluntary behavior intended to benefit others.
48
Role
: A set of expectations about a social position that guide behavior.
49
Situational Variables
Aspects of the environment that influence behavior.
50
Social Debt:
The obligation to return a favor after someone helps us.
51
Social Facilitation
Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others.
52
Social Influence Theory
The idea that social interactions shape thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
53
Social Loafing
The tendency to exert less effort in a group than when working alone.
54
Social Norms:
Accepted standards of behavior within a society
55
Social Reciprocity Norm
: The expectation that people will help those who have helped them.
56
Social Responsibility Norm:
The expectation that people will help those in need without expecting anything in return.
57
Social Traps:
Situations in which individuals pursue short-term self-interest, leading to long-term collective loss.
58
Superordinate Goals
Shared goals that require cooperation and override individual differences.
59
Defense Mechanisms:
Unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce anxiety.
60
Denial
Refusing to acknowledge reality.
61
Displacement
Redirecting emotions to a less threatening target
62
Ego
The rational, conscious part of personality that mediates between the id and superego.
63
Humanistic Psychology:
A psychological perspective emphasizing personal growth and self-actualization
64
Personality:
A person's characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
65
Preconscious
Thoughts that are not currently in awareness but can be accessed.
66
Projection
Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts to others.
67
Projective Tests
Personality tests that use ambiguous stimuli to reveal inner thoughts and feelings.
68
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s theory of personality and therapeutic approach emphasizing unconscious conflicts.
68
Psychodynamic Theory
A perspective focusing on unconscious processes and early experiences in shaping personality.
69
Rationalization
Justifying behaviors with logical but false explanations.
70
Reaction Formation
Expressing the opposite of one's true feelings
71
Regression
Reverting to immature behaviors from an earlier stage of development.
72
Self-Actualization
Reaching one’s full potentia
73
Repression
Blocking distressing thoughts from conscious awareness.
74
Sublimation
Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
75
Unconditional Regard
Accepting someone without conditions or judgment.
76
Unconscious
The part of the mind containing thoughts and feelings outside conscious awareness
77
Unconscious Processes
Mental processes that occur without conscious awareness
78
Agreeableness
A personality trait characterized by kindness and cooperation.
79
Big Five Theory:
A personality model identifying five major traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
80
Conscientiousness:
A personality trait marked by organization and responsibility.
81
Emotional Stability:
The ability to remain calm and composed under stress.
82
Extraversion
A personality trait characterized by sociability and energy
83
Factor Analysis
A statistical method used to identify clusters of traits.
84
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
A widely used personality test assessing psychological disorders.
85
Openness to Experience
A personality trait characterized by curiosity and creativity.
86
Neuroticism
A personality trait marked by emotional instability
87
Personality Inventories:
Self-report questionnaires used to assess personality traits.
88
Reciprocal Determinism
Bandura’s concept that personality is shaped by the interaction of personal factors, behavior, and the environment.
89
Self-Concept
One’s perception of oneself
90
Self-Efficacy
The belief in one's ability to achieve goals
91
Self-Esteem:
One’s overall sense of self-worth.
92
Social-Cognitive Theory
A perspective emphasizing observational learning and cognitive processes in personality development.
93
Trait Theory
A perspective that describes personality in terms of stable characteristics.
94
Affiliation
The need to form social connections
95
Approach-Approach Conflicts:
Choosing between two desirable options.
95
Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
A single option has both positive and negative aspects
96
Arousal Theory
The idea that people perform best at an optimal level of arousal
97
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts:
Choosing between two undesirable options.
98
Boredom Susceptibility
A tendency to seek new experiences due to boredom.
99
Disinhibition
Engaging in impulsive behaviors due to reduced self-control
100
Drive-Reduction Theory
The theory that motivation arises from the need to satisfy basic drives
101
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation driven by external rewards
102
Ghrelin
A hormone that increases hunger.
103
Homeostasis:
The body's tendency to maintain balance.
104
Hypothalamus
A brain region involved in regulating hunger, thirst, and other drives
105
Incentive
An external stimulus that motivates behavior.
106
Incentive Theory
Incentive Theory: The idea that motivation is driven by rewards.
107
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation driven by personal enjoyment
107
Instincts
Innate, automatic behavioral patterns
108
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)
The brain area that triggers hunger
109
Leptin
A hormone that signals fullness.
110
Lewin’s Motivational Conflicts Theory
The idea that conflicts arise from competing motivational goals.
111
Motivation
The process that initiates and sustains goal-directed behavior.
112
Optimal Level of Arousal:
The level of stimulation needed for best performance.
113
Pituitary Gland
The master gland that regulates hormones
114
Self-Determination Theory
A theory stating that people are motivated by autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
115
Sensation-Seeking
A trait characterized by the pursuit of novel experiences
116
Thrill and Adventure Seeking:
A personality trait marked by a desire for exciting activities
117
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
The brain area that signals when to stop eating.
118
Yerkes-Dodson Law
The principle that moderate arousal leads to optimal performance
119
Affect
A broad term encompassing emotions and moo
120
Broaden-and-Build Theory
A theory suggesting positive emotions broaden cognitive and behavioral capacities
121
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
The idea that emotions result from cognitive interpretation of events
122
Display Rule
Cultural norms governing emotional expression
123
Elicitor
A stimulus that triggers an emotional response.
124
Emotion
A complex psychological state involving physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral expression
125
Emotional Contagion
The tendency to mimic others’ emotions.
126
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
The idea that facial expressions can influence emotional experience
127
Belonging
The need to form meaningful relationships

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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