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unit 3 vocab psychology > unit 4 > Flashcards

unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attribution theory?

A

how people interpret the causes of events and behaviors.

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2
Q

Define fundamental attribution theory.

A

overemphasize personal characteristics and underestimate situational factors when explaining others’ behaviors.

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3
Q

What is actor-observer bias?

A

The tendency to attribute one’s own actions to situational factors while attributing others’ actions to their character.

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4
Q

What is self-serving bias?

A

The tendency to attribute positive events to one’s own character but attribute negative events to external factors.

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5
Q

What are the two types of social comparison?

A

Upward and downward social comparison.

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6
Q

Define relative deprivation.

A

The perception that one is worse off compared to others, leading to feelings of discontent.

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7
Q

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

A belief or expectation that influences a person’s behavior in a way that helps the belief come true.

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8
Q

Define optimistic explanatory style.

A

A way of explaining events that emphasizes positive outcomes and personal control.

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9
Q

Define pessimistic explanatory style.

A

A way of explaining events that emphasizes negative outcomes and external control.

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10
Q

What is internal locus of control?

A

The belief that one has control over their own life and outcomes.

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11
Q

What is external locus of control?

A

The belief that external factors or fate control one’s life and outcomes.

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12
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

The phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus increases an individual’s preference for it.

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13
Q

Define prejudice.

A

A preconceived opinion or judgment about an individual or group, often based on stereotypes.

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14
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

A widely held but oversimplified belief about a particular group of people.

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15
Q

What is cognitive load?

A

The total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory.

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16
Q

Define discrimination.

A

The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people.

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17
Q

What are implicit attitudes?

A

Attitudes that are automatic and unconscious, influencing behavior without awareness.

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18
Q

What is the just-world phenomenon?

A

The belief that the world is fair and people get what they deserve.

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19
Q

Define out-group homogeneity.

A

The perception that members of a social group other than one’s own are all similar.

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20
Q

What is in-group bias?

A

The tendency to favor one’s own group over others.

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21
Q

Define ethnocentrism.

A

The evaluation of other cultures according to the standards of one’s own culture.

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22
Q

What is belief perseverance?

A

The tendency to hold on to one’s beliefs even when faced with contradictory evidence.

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23
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one’s preconceptions.

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24
Q

Define social norms.

A

The accepted behaviors within a society or group.

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25
What is normative social influence?
The influence of others that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted.
26
What is informational social influence?
The influence of others that leads us to conform because we see them as a source of information.
27
What is the elaboration likelihood model?
A theory explaining the change of attitudes based on the likelihood of elaboration on persuasive messages.
28
What is the central route to persuasion?
A method of persuasion that uses logical arguments and factual evidence.
29
What is the peripheral route to persuasion?
A method of persuasion that relies on superficial cues rather than the content of the message.
30
Define halo effect.
The tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another area.
31
What is the foot-in-the-door technique?
A persuasion strategy that involves getting a person to agree to a small request before making a larger request.
32
What is the door-in-the-face technique?
A persuasion strategy that involves making an unreasonable request that is likely to be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request.
33
Define conformity.
The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.
34
What is obedience?
The act of following direct commands, usually from an authority figure.
35
What is individualism?
A social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.
36
What is collectivism?
A social orientation that emphasizes the group over the individual.
37
Define multiculturalism.
The coexistence of diverse cultures and the promotion of diversity within a society.
38
What is group polarization?
The tendency for group discussion to amplify the initial leanings of group members.
39
What is groupthink?
A psychological phenomenon where the desire for harmony in a group leads to irrational decision-making.
40
Define diffusion of responsibility.
The phenomenon in which a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present.
41
What is social loafing?
The tendency for individuals to put forth less effort when working in a group than when working alone.
42
What is deindividuation?
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
43
What is social facilitation?
The tendency for people to perform better on tasks in the presence of others.
44
Define false consensus effect.
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.
45
What are superordinate goals?
Goals that require the cooperation of two or more groups to achieve.
46
Define social trap.
A situation in which individuals or groups act in their own self-interest, leading to a collective disaster.
47
What is industrial-organizational psychology?
The scientific study of human behavior in organizations and the workplace.
48
What is altruism?
Selfless concern for the well-being of others.
49
Define social debt.
The obligation to give back to others who have helped us.
50
What is the social responsibility norm?
The expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.
51
What is the social reciprocity norm?
The expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits.
52
What is the bystander effect?
The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help a victim when other people are present.
53
What are ego defense mechanisms?
Psychological strategies used to protect oneself from anxiety and the perception of threat.
54
What are projective tests?
Psychological tests that use ambiguous stimuli to elicit responses that reflect a person's unconscious thoughts.
55
Define humanism.
A psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person and their uniqueness.
56
What is unconditional positive regard?
An attitude of acceptance and respect regardless of circumstances.
57
What is self-actualizing tendency?
The innate drive to realize one's full potential and capabilities.
58
What are the preconscious/unconscious mind?
Levels of consciousness where thoughts and memories are not currently in awareness but can be accessed.
59
What is social-cognitive theory?
A theory that emphasizes the importance of observational learning, imitation, and modeling.
60
Define reciprocal determinism.
The theory that personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences all interact and influence each other.
61
What is self-concept?
The perception or image of oneself.
62
What is self-efficacy?
The belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations.
63
Define self-esteem.
An individual's overall subjective evaluation of their worth.
64
What is trait theory?
A psychological approach that focuses on the personality traits that make up human personality.
65
What are the Big 5 Traits?
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
66
What are personality inventories?
Standardized questionnaires designed to measure personality traits.
67
What is factor analysis?
A statistical method used to identify clusters of related items on a test.
68
What is drive reduction theory?
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy that need.
69
Define homeostasis.
The tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state.
70
What is arousal theory?
The theory that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.
71
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
The principle that there is an optimal level of arousal for performance, which varies with the complexity of the task.
72
What is self-determination theory?
A theory that emphasizes the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in driving human behavior.
73
What is intrinsic motivation?
The motivation to engage in an activity for its own sake, for the inherent satisfaction.
74
What is extrinsic motivation?
The motivation to engage in an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment.
75
Define incentive theory.
The theory that behavior is motivated by a desire for reinforcement or incentives.
76
What is an instinct?
An innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli.
77
What are the parts of Lewin’s motivational conflict theory?
Approach-approach conflict, avoidance-avoidance conflict, approach-avoidance conflict.
78
What are the parts of sensation seeking theory?
Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.
79
What is cognitive appraisal?
The evaluation of a situation to determine its significance for personal well-being.
80
What is the facial-feedback hypothesis?
The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.
81
What is the broaden-and-build theory of emotion?
The theory that positive emotions broaden one's awareness and encourage novel, varied, and exploratory thoughts and actions.

unit 3 vocab psychology (1 decks)

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