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HHD 3/4 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

How are countries classified?

A

All countries in the world can be classified as low, middle, or high income based on their Gross National Income (GNI) per capita which relates to average income

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2
Q

What does Gross National Income mean?

A

It is the total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.

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3
Q

What does ‘per capita’ mean?

A

It basically means divided by population - so the ‘average’

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4
Q

Define economic characteristics

A

Range of factors relating to the financial or economic state of a country

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5
Q

Define social characteristics

A

The rate of social factors in which people grow, live and work

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6
Q

Define environmental characteristics

A

Range of factors relating to the physical environment

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7
Q

Examples of economic characteristics

A

Industries, income, global trade opportunities, poverty, welfare support

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8
Q

Examples of environmental characteristics

A

Infrastructure, access to clean water and sanitation, food security, adequate housing, co2 emissions, agriculture productivity

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9
Q

Examples of social characteristics

A

Gender equality, birth rates, employment, education, healthcare system, social security systems, legal and political systems, access to technology

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10
Q

Explain level of poverty and frame it for HI vs LI countries

A

High levels of poverty in low income countries can result in limited ability to afford medication (e.g antibiotics to treat infection) therefore increasing morbidity rates

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11
Q

Explain Industries and frame it for HI vs LI countries

A

High IC have wide range of industries (e.g health, research, mining) t/f provide opportunities for improvements in medical technology
Low IC countries have limited range meaning can’t participate as much in global trade t/f can’t generate $$

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12
Q

Explain global trade opportunities and frame it for HI vs LI countries

A

High IC countries = strong trade relationships and export industries so can create revenue for healthcare
Low IC countries often export raw materials with little profit > restricted funds for development

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13
Q

Explain housing (e.g quality) and frame it for HI vs LI countries

A

Quality housing means ventilation, electricity and no overcrowding and many low IC countries have this t/f increased risk of respiratory problems and infectious diseases

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14
Q

Explain infrastructure and frame it for HI vs LI countries

A

Having well funded infrastructure (e.g schools and hospitals) allows for timely treatment. Low IC generally have limited, old or hard to access roads, schools and hospitals

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15
Q

Explain access to safe water and frame it for HI vs LI countries

A

High IC = reliable water systems that provide clean, treated water
Low IC = may rely on untreated water from unsafe sources like rivers
increased risk of water-borne diseases (e.g cholera), child mortality and diarohheal

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16
Q

Explain Adequate sanitation (e.g flushing toilet, hand-washing facilities) and frame it for HI vs LI countries

A

High IC = public places having toilets and hand-washing facilities
Low IC = may lack proper toilets or facilities = infectious diseases

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17
Q

Explain food security and frame it for HI vs LI countries

A

High IC = stable food supply ensure access to variety of nutritious foods
Low IC = food supply may be low, not affordable or lack nutrients
Leads to mal/undernutrition > decreased immune system and more comm diseases

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18
Q

Explain education and frame it for HI vs LI countries

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A

High IC = free or affordable education for young adults and children
Low IC = barriers exist like cost, distance, work and beliefs
Low education reduces knowledge of health risks

19
Q

Explain healthcare systems and frame it for HI vs LI countries

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A

High IC = well-equipped, accessible, funded, trained staff, modern facilities
Low IC = underfunded, understaffed, limited

20
Q

Explain social security systems and frame it for HI vs LI countries

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A

High IC = offers support for unemployed, illness, disability, old age
Low IC = no access to financial support from govt
> may be difficult to afford adequate foods

21
Q

Explain access to technology and frame it for HI vs LI countries

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A

High IC = access to surgical equipment and technologies
Low IC = no warning systems for natural disasters

22
Q

Explain HIV/AIDS

Study These Flashcards
A

Communicable disease
Passed on through bodily fluids, weakens the immune system
More susceptible to communicable diseases

23
Q

Explain diarrhoael dieases

Study These Flashcards
A

Communicable
Passed on through unsafe water and sanitation
Results in dehydration
>Body shuts down

24
Q

Explain Malaria

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A

Communicable
Caused by parasites and transmitted by mosquitos
Destroys RBCs causing fever, headache, vomitting
If untreated, can lead to death

25
Explain Tubercolosis
Communicable Disease affecting the lungs Very contagious Caused by bacteria Destroys lung tissue, which untreated can result in death
26
What is Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)?
A collection of diseases that have not had enough resources and effort directed towards them -High prevalence in tropical regions and can be infectious and communicable Mostly affect impoverished communities and disproportionately affect women and children (e.g worms)
27
What is Obstetric Fistula?
It is a condition that is caused by complication associated with obstructed labour. Tissues between women's vagina and pubic bone are damaged by continuous pressure of infant trapped in birth canal > damaged tissue falls off leaving a hold which will continuously leak faeces or urine or booth Can be prevented by adequate obstetric healthcare, delaying pregnancy until body is ready etc
28
Explain Respiratory conditions
Communicable (covid, flu, pneumonia) or Non-communicable (asthma) Diseases affecting the lungs Reduces gas exchange in the lungs leading to reduced o2 levels n the body > decreased energy and prevent body systems functioning normally
29
Explain Nutritional Deficiencies
Non-communicable Inadequate consumption of vital nutrients > weakened immune system > more susceptible to other communicable diseases
30
Definition of Double Burden of Disease and what does it actually mean?
It is when conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side by side in one community (e.g undernutrition and obesity) It actually means that middle-income countries experience high rates of both communicable and non-communicable diseases
31
What is the definition of human development?
Human development is creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. It is about expanding people's choices and enhancing capabilities. (the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, health, and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives
32
What is the acronym used to remember the MAIN ideas of human development definition?
(Fluffy) Full potential and lead productive and creatives lives (Charlie) Choices (Cat) Capabilities: enhancing capabilities (Knows) Knowledge: having access to knowledge (Dad) Decent standard of living (Can) Community: participate in the life of their community (Dance) Decisions affecting their lives
33
Examples of what full potential and lead productive creative life looks like
long, healthy life (live to life expectancy), well-paid job of choice, go to school
34
Examples of what choices looks like
Voting, education, marraige, if and when have children, beliefs/religion
35
Examples of what enhancing capabilities/access to knowledge looks like
Go to school, learn literacy skills (read/write), learn health literacy (e.g safe sex practicies)
36
Examples of what decent standard of living looks like
Go to work and earn an income, afford adequate housing, afford sanitation
37
Examples of what life of their community looks like
Participate in recreational activities, participating in work/school community
38
Examples of what decisions affecting their life looks like
Voting, education, beliefs/religion, marraige, employment, freedom
39
What is the HDI?
It's the human development index. It is between 0 and 1. It is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' level of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions - a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living - and four indicators - life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and Gross National Income per capita.
40
What are the 3 dimensions of the HDI?
Long and healthy life, knowledge, a decent standard of living
41
What are the 4 indicators of HDI and their definition?
-Life expectancy at birth - the number of years a person can expect to live (calculated at birth) if mortality rates do not chance. -Mean years of schooling - the average number of years of schooling achieved by those 25 and over -Expected years of schooling - the number of years of formal schooling expected to be achieved by those entering the school system -GNI per capita - the total goods and servies produced essentially the average income per person in a
42
What do you do when linking HD and HDI?
Start with an indicator of HDI and then link to buzz words of HD definition
43
What are some advantages of the HDI?
-Takes more than just average income into account THEREFORE provides a more comprehensive representation of level of human development experienced (e.g indication of opportunities for edu which reflects accessing knowledge) -HDI is a composite statistic, and as a results provides a single statistic therefore making comparision about the level of HD between countries easier
44
What are some disadvantages of the HDI?
-HDI only represents selected aspects of human development and therefore does not capture the richness and depth of human development that may be experienced (e.g ability to participate in one's community) -HDI is still based on averages and therefore does not provide an indication of the inequalities that exist impacting human development

HHD 3/4 (4 decks)

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