Unit 4 Flashcards
Exam prep (94 cards)
1
Q
What is language?
A
A system of communication that uses symbols in a regular way to create meaning.
2
Q
What is symbolic representation?
A
The use of ideas, images, or other symbols to stand for objects or events.
3
Q
At what stage do children develop the capacity for symbolic representation?
A
At the end of the sensorimotor stage (ages 0-2).
4
Q
What are the major tasks in early language development?
A
- Learning sounds & patterns
- World learning
- Grammar development
- Pragmatics - using language socially
5
Q
Define phoneme.
A
The smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language.
6
Q
How many phonemes does the English language contain?
A
About 44 phonemes.
7
Q
What is a morpheme?
A
A string of one or more phonemes that makes up the smallest units of meaning in a language.
8
Q
What does semantics refer to?
A
The set of rules we use to obtain meaning from morphemes.
9
Q
What is syntax?
A
Set of rules of a language by which we can construct sentences.
10
Q
Define pragmatics.
A
How we communicate effectively and appropriately with others.
11
Q
What is contextual information?
A
The information surrounding language to help us interpret it.
12
Q
What is the impact of infant-directed speech?
A
Involves exaggerating the vowel and consonant sounds, using a high-pitched voice, and delivering the phrase with great facial expression.
13
Q
What is the critical period for language learning?
A
A time in which learning can easily occur, appears to be between infancy and puberty.
14
Q
What does neuroplasticity refer to?
A
The brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or damage.
15
Q
What is the average height of a 6-year-old?
A
44-47 inches.
16
Q
What is the average weight of a 2-year-old?
A
23 to 28 pounds.
17
Q
What are elimination disorders?
A
- Enuresis: Repeated voiding of urine
- Encopresis: Repeated passage of feces in inappropriate places
18
Q
What is the ‘just right’ phenomenon?
A
A general reticence to try new foods or a preference for certain foods served in a particular way.
19
Q
What is Piaget’s preoperational stage?
A
Occurs from ages 2 to 7, where children use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas.
20
Q
What is the difference between receptive and expressive language?
A
Receptive language is understanding more than can be said, while expressive language is the ability to say words.
21
Q
What is the typical age range for first words?
A
10-14 months.
22
Q
What is telegraphic speech?
A
2-3 words expressing one idea, e.g., ‘No do’ means ‘Do not do that’.
23
Q
What is the vocabulary spurt?
A
A rapid increase in vocabulary from 50 to hundreds of words around 18 months.
24
Q
What is the role of the environment in language development?
A
The more words parents say to their children before age 3, the larger the children’s vocabulary.
25
What is the typical calorie intake for 2-3 year olds?
1,000-1,400 calories.
26
What is the average age for girls to be toilet trained?
29 months.
27
What is encopresis?
The repeated passage of feces in inappropriate places, more common in males.
28
What is the average sleep requirement for a 2-year-old?
15-16 hours of sleep.
29
What is the average sleep requirement for a 6-year-old?
7-8 hours of sleep.
30
What is the significance of the corpus callosum?
A dense band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, undergoing growth spurts between ages 3 and 6.
31
How does motor skill development progress in early childhood?
Most children acquire basic skills for locomotion between ages 2-5 years.
32
What is the significance of the prefrontal cortex?
Helps us think, strategize, and control attention and emotion.
33
What is the typical weight of a 6-year-old?
40 to 50 pounds.
34
What is the typical growth rate for children aged 2-6?
They grow about 3 inches in height and gain about 4 to 5 pounds each year.
35
What is the role of nativism in language acquisition?
Argues that human brains contain a language acquisition device (LAD).
36
What are the two types of language structures according to Chomsky?
* Deep structure: Fundamental universal grammar
* Surface structure: How ideas are expressed in a language.
37
What is the role of behaviorism in language acquisition?
Language acquisition is driven by properties of the language environment through observation and imitation.
38
What is the significance of Wernicke’s area?
Responsible for language comprehension.
39
True or False: All children learn their name by 6 months.
True.
40
What is the age range for the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's theory?
4 to 7 years.
41
What is object permanence?
Object is still there even when it is not in sight.
42
What defines the egocentric stage of development?
We can perceive the world from only our own point of view.
43
What are the two substages of the preoperational stage?
* Symbolic function (2-4 years)
* Intuitive thought (4-7 years)
44
What significant gains occur during the preoperational stage?
* Make-believe play
* Language
45
What limitations in thinking are observed in the preoperational stage?
* Egocentrism
* Lack of conservation
* Errors in logical thought
* Hierarchical classifications
* Inability to form operations
46
What is conservation in cognitive development?
The ability to recognize that moving or rearranging matter does not change the quantity.
47
What is centration?
Focused on only one characteristic of an object to the exclusion of others.
48
What is irreversibility?
Inability to mentally reverse a series of steps.
49
What is animism in cognitive development?
Attributing life-like qualities to objects.
50
What age do children typically begin to show less egocentrism?
By age 7.
51
What does Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development refer to?
Occurs when they can almost perform a task, but not quite on their own without assistance.
52
What is scaffolding in the context of child development?
The temporary support that parents or teachers give a child to do a task.
53
What is the difference between egocentric speech and private speech?
* Egocentric speech: Focused on the child, does not include another’s point of view.
* Private speech: Talking aloud with no intent to communicate with others.
54
What is the role of executive function in child development?
Refers to self-regulatory processes that enable adaptive responses to new situations.
55
What are the three stages of memory?
* Sensory memory
* Short-term memory
* Long-term memory
56
What is the definition of short-term memory?
The component of memory in which current conscious mental activity occurs.
57
What is the difference between declarative and non-declarative memories?
* Declarative: Explicit memories for facts or events.
* Non-declarative: Implicit memories for automated skills.
58
What does the term 'fast-mapping' refer to in language development?
Words are easily learned by making connections between new words and concepts already known.
59
What is the vocabulary growth of children aged two to six?
Expands from about 200 words to over 10,000 words.
60
What is overregularization in language development?
Children learn rules of grammar but may apply them incorrectly.
61
What is the definition of theory of mind?
The ability to think about other people’s thoughts.
62
What is the significance of the false belief task?
Determines if a child can understand that others may hold beliefs that are false.
63
What do diverse-desires signify in child development?
Understanding that two people may have different desires regarding the same object.
64
What are neo-Piagetians known for?
Providing new interpretations of Piaget’s theory and emphasizing the role of information processing.
65
What is the impact of myelination on cognitive skills development?
Increases efficiency of certain skills as it occurs in waves between birth and adolescence.
66
What is the main critique of Piaget's theory regarding children's egocentrism?
Preoperational children can think rationally on mathematical and scientific tasks earlier than Piaget indicated.
67
What is divided attention?
The ability to switch focus between tasks or external stimuli.
68
What is selective attention?
The ability to focus on a single task or stimulus while ignoring distractions.
69
What does sustained attention refer to?
The ability to stay on task for long periods of time.
70
What is a vocabulary spurt in early childhood?
A rapid increase in vocabulary, typically involving 10-20 new words per week.
71
What does the term 'literal meanings' refer to in children's language development?
Children can repeat words and phrases after hearing them only once or twice, but may not understand the meanings.
72
What is 'overregularization' in language development?
Children apply grammar rules incorrectly, such as saying 'goed' instead of 'went'.
73
Define bilingualism.
The ability to understand and use two languages.
74
What is mutual-exclusivity bias?
The assumption that an object has only a single name.
75
List the high-quality preschool standards identified by the NAEYC.
* Positive relationships among children and adults
* Curriculum supporting social, emotional, physical, language, and cognitive development
* Developmentally, culturally, and linguistically appropriate teaching
* Assessment of children's progress
* Promotion of health and nutrition
* Qualified teachers
* Collaborative relationships with families
* Relationships with community agencies
* Safe and well-maintained environments
* Qualified leadership and management
76
What is the purpose of Head Start?
To provide preschool education for children living in poverty.
77
True or False: Research has shown that children in Head Start consistently outperform those who did not receive preschool education.
False.
78
What are the three areas of serious impairments caused by autism?
* Deficits in social interaction
* Deficits in communication
* Repetitive patterns of behavior/interests
79
What does the term 'spectrum' in autism spectrum disorder indicate?
It indicates a range of symptoms that vary in magnitude and severity.
80
What environmental factors are associated with an increased risk of autism?
* Mercury
* Urban versus rural residence
* Vitamin D deficiency
* Infections during pregnancy
81
List Erikson's stages of development.
* Basic trust vs Mistrust (Infancy 1-2 years)
* Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (Early childhood, 2-4 years)
* Initiative vs Guilt (Preschool age, 4-5 years)
* Industry vs Inferiority (School age, 5-12 years)
* Identity vs Role confusion (Adolescence, 13-19 years)
* Intimacy vs Isolation (Early adulthood, 20-40 years)
* Generativity vs Stagnation (Adulthood, 40-65 years)
* Ego integrity vs Despair (Maturity, 65-death)
82
What is self-concept?
Our self-description according to various categories, such as external and internal qualities.
83
What is self-control?
The ability to manage one's own behavior and emotions.
84
Fill in the blank: _______ includes the ability to inhibit impulses and manage negative emotions.
Effortful control
85
What are Baumrind's four models of parenting?
* Authoritative
* Authoritarian
* Permissive
* Uninvolved
86
What is the impact of culture on parenting styles?
Different cultures may emphasize obedience or initiative, affecting parenting approaches.
87
What is the definition of child abuse?
Any recent act or failure to act by a parent or caretaker resulting in serious harm or risk of harm.
88
List the four types of maltreatment in child abuse.
* Neglect
* Physical abuse
* Psychological maltreatment
* Sexual abuse
89
What is the relationship between cortisol and childhood stress?
High levels of cortisol can reduce the size of the hippocampus and affect memory.
90
What is an adverse childhood experience?
Any type of abuse, neglect, or potentially traumatic experiences occurring before age 18.
91
What is the importance of caregiver support in emotional self-regulation?
Caregivers teach socially approved ways of expressing feelings, aiding emotional self-regulation.
92
What is the recommended screen time for children aged 2-5?
Limited to one hour.
93
What are the benefits of play for children?
* Physical
* Social
* Cognitive
* Emotional
* Creative
* Communication
94
What is solitary play?
Children play by themselves without interacting with others.
