Unit 4 Flashcards
(117 cards)
9 region pattern
Right and left hypochondrium
Right and left flank
Right and left groin
Epigastric, umbilical and pubic regions
4 quadrant pattern
Right and left upper quadrants
Right and left lower quadrants
Quadrants and interior anatomy
Right upper - liver and gallbladder
Left upper- stomach and spleen
Right lower- cecum and appendix
Left lower- end of descending colon and sigmoid colon
Planes of nine region pattern
Midclavicular planes, subcostal plane and intertubercular plane
Abdominal wall boundaries
Superiorly- Xiphoid process and costal margins
Posteriorly- vertebral column
Inferiorly- upper parts of pelvic bones
Layers of abdominal wall
Skin, superficial fascia, muscles and deep fascia, extraperitoneal fascia, parietal peritoneum
Superficial fascia
layer of fatty connective tissue
usually single layer, forms two layers below umbilicus
1. Camper’s fascia
2. Scarpa’s fascia
Campers fascia
Part of superficial fascia- superficial fatty layer- super fatty, continuous with fascia of the thigh, men- continues into penis, forms dartos fascia in scrotum, women- continuous with labia majora
Scarpa’s fascia
Part of superficial fascia- deep membranous layer- thin, not much fat, continues shortly below inguinal ligament (where its called fascia lata), attaches to linea alba and pubic symphysis, also forms Colles’ fascia in perineal membrane, where it attaches to ischiopubic rami
men- blends with superficial over penis, also forms dartos fascia, help form fundiform ligament of penis, women- labia majora and perineum
Anterolateral muscles
5 total
3 flat- internal and external oblique, and transversus abdominis
2 vertical- rectus abdominis and pyramidalis
Flat muscles
3 anterolateral, replaced by aponerosis near , innervated by anterior rami of lower 6 thoracic spinal nervres, all compress abdominal contents
Vertical muscles
2 muscles, enclosed by tendentious sheath formed by aponerosis of flat muscles
Function of anterolateral muscles
- maintenance of physiological functions
- quiet and forced expiration (pushing viscera upward)
- coughing and vomiting
- partutition (childbirth), micturition (urination) and defication
- hold abdominal viscera in abdominal cavity
- protect viscera from injury,
- maintaining position of viscera in erect posture
Eternal oblique
flat, anterolateral muscle
- most superficial of flats
- origin: muscle slips of outer surface of lower 8 ribs
- insertion: iliac crest and linea alba
- innervation: lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves
- function: compresses abdominal contents, bending trunk to same side, turning anterior abdomen to same side
Inguinal ligament
formed by lower border of external oblique, ligament folds back on itself to form the inguinal canal
lacunar ligament
extension of inguinal ligament, crescent shaped, attaches to pecten pubis of pubic bone
Cooper’s ligament
formed by fibers from the lacunar ligament, runs along pectan pubis to pelvic brim
Internal oblique
deep to external oblique
origin: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament
insertion: inferior border of lower 3 ribs, aponeurosis ending in linea alba, pubic crest and pectineal line
innervation: anterior rami of lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves
function: compress abdominal contents, flex and bend trunk, turns anterior abdomen to same side
Transverse abdominis
deep to internal oblique
origin: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament, costal cartilage of lower 6 ribs
insertion: aponerosis ending in linea alba, pubic crest, pectoral line
innervation: anterior rami of lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves
function: compression of abdominal contents
Gallbladder
on visceral surface on right side of liver
fundus- rounded end, projects from inferior border of liver
body- against transverse colon and superior to duodenum
neck- narrowest part
Arterial supply- cystic artery from right hepatic artery
Function- receives, concentrates and stores bile from liver
Pancreas
Posterior to stomach in retropareteneal cavity uncinate process- inferior to head head- within C shaped area of duodenum neck body- connects neck to tail tail- passes between splenorenal ligament Pancreas originated from dorsal and ventral buds of foregut
Pancreatic duct
begins at tail of pancreas
joins with bile duct at heptopancreatic ampulla
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
joining of pancreatic duct and bile duct
enters descending duodenum at major duodenal papilla
surrounded by sphincter of ampulla (collection of smooth muscles)
accessory pancreatic duct
empties into duodenum at minor duodenal papilla