Unit 4 Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
Cellular Respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce what?
A
ATP
2
Q
ATP is the cell’s source of…
A
Usable energy
3
Q
Most ATP is generated in the…
A
Mitochondria
4
Q
Usable energy is released from ATP when…
A
Phosphates are released from ATP and join with another molecule
5
Q
What is phosphorylation?
A
adding a phosphate to a molecule
6
Q
Cellular Respiration is dependent on what?
A
The action of breathing
7
Q
The lungs provide what for Cellular Respiration?
A
O2
8
Q
What is a by-product of the Krebs Cycle?
A
CO2, which is exhaled by the lungs
9
Q
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
A
Sun + 6CO2 + 6H2O => C6H12O6 + 6O2
10
Q
What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?
A
C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
11
Q
What is oxidation?
A
The loss of electrons from one molecule
12
Q
What is reduction?
A
The gain of electrons by the other molecule
13
Q
When is water oxidized?
A
When it donates electrons to P680, and P680 is reduced
14
Q
What happens when P700 is oxidized and its electrons move to NADP+?
A
NADP+ is reduced when it accepts electrons to become NADPH
15
Q
True or False? Both heterotrophs and autotrophs do cellular respiration.
A
TRUE
16
Q
What is the first step in cellular respiration?
A
Glycolysis
17
Q
Where does glycolysis occur?
A
The cytoplasm
18
Q
What does glycolysis start with?
A
Glucose
19
Q
What is the net gain of glycolysis?
A
2 ATPs
20
Q
How many ATPs are produced by glycolysis?
A
4 ATPs
21
Q
What is the final product of glycolysis?
A
2 molecules of pyruvate, and 2 NADH
22
Q
What is the second step of cellular respiration?
A
Converting pyruvate and the Krebs Cycle
23
Q
Where does the second step of cellular respiration occur?
A
The mitochondria
24
Q
What is pyruvate converted to during the second step of cellular respiration?
A
Acetyl Co-A
25
What is the starting material for the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl Co-A
26
What is produced by the Krebs Cycle?
NADH, FADH2, and a bit of ATP
27
What is the third step of cellular respiration?
The Electron Transport Chain
28
When and where does the ETC occur?
The Mitochondria, after the Krebs Cycle
29
What is required for ETC?
Oxygen
30
Where does the ETC get energy?
It uses stored energy in NADH and FADH2
31
What does ETC generate?
ATP
32
What is a by-product of ETC?
Water
33
What are the inputs for glycolysis?
Glucose, ATP, NAD+, Inorganic Phosphates, and ADP
34
What are the outputs (products) for glycolysis?
ADP, NADH, ATP, H2O, and Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid)
35
What is the first step of glycolysis?
Burn two ATPs to phosphorylate the glucose molecule (converted into fructose 1, 6 biphosphate)
36
In glycolysis, what happens to the glucose molecule after it has been converted to fructose 1, 6 biphosphate?
The fructose 1, 6 biphosphate splits to form 2 G3P molecules.
37
What is the third step of glycolysis?
Two NAD+ molecules are reduced as they steal electrons and H+ from G3P to form NADH
38
What happens to the energy from the reduction reaction in the third step of glycolysis?
This energy causes an inorganic phosphate to bind to G3P (phosphorylation)
39
What is the fourth step of glycolysis?
Four ADPs come in and steal the phosphates from the G3Ps to form four ATPs
40
What is the final step of glycolysis?
Other enzymatic changes occur to further convert the molecules. Water is also released and the final product is 2 molecules of pyruvate
41
What is glycolysis followed by if O2 is readily available?
The Krebs Cycle
42
What is glycolysis followed by if O2 is NOT readily available?
Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation)
43
What are the two main steps of the Krebs Cycle?
Converting Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
44
What is the first step of Converting Pyruvate?
Pyruvate, made in glycolysis, enters the mitochondria
45
What is the second step of converting pyruvate?
CO2 breaks off of pyruvate and can be exhaled (heterotrophs) or sent to the chloroplasts for photosynthesis (autotrophs)
46
In converting pyruvate, what happens after the CO2 breaks off?
The remaining molecule is oxidized to NAD+, which is, in turn, reduced to NADH. (redox reaction)
47
What is the final step of Converting Pyruvate?
The remaining acetyl group joins with Coenzyme A to form Acetyl Co-A, which can now enter the Citric Acid Cycle.
48
What is the first step of the Citric Acid Cycle?
The acetyl group separates from Co-A and enters the citric acid cycle, freeing up Co-A to grab more acetyl groups from pyruvate
49
In the citric acid cycle, what does the acetyl group do after it has separated from Co-A?
The acetyl group (a 2-carbon compound) joins with oxyloacetate (a 4-carbon compound) forming Citric Acid (a 6-carbon compound) [MATH ;D]
50
What is the third step of the citric acid cycle?
Redox reactions occur: NAD+ is reduced when citric acid is oxidized to form NADH. Then CO2 breaks off and is released. AND THEN THIS WHOLE STEP REPEATS.
51
What is harvested during the third step of the citric acid cycle?
Energy is harvested here in the form of 2 NADH molecules.
52
What is the fourth step of the citric acid cycle?
ADP joins with an inorganic phosphate to produce ATP
53
What is harvested during the fourth step of the citric acid cycle?
Energy is harvested here in the form of ATP
54
What is the fifth step of the citric acid cycle?
The remaining 4-carbon compound (called Succinate) is oxidized to form FADH2 and NADH
55
What is harvested from the fifth step of the citric acid cycle?
Energy is harvested in the form of FADH2 and NADH
56
What is the final step of the citric acid cycle?
Other enzymatic changes convert the remaining substance into our 4-carbon starting material: oxyloacetate
57
What does the citric acid cycle produce with every one glucose molecule?
2 pyruvates are produced, meaning that the cycle turns twice per glucose.
58
What is produced by the citric acid cycle?
6 NADH (3 each turn), 2 ATP (1 per turn), and 2 FADH2 (1 per turn)
59
What does the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis do?
It uses the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 (from previous steps) to synthesize ATP
60
What is the first step of ETC?
FADH2 and NADH are oxidized in ETC as they drop off electrons and H+
61
What is the second step of ETC?
The energy from the oxidation of FADH2 and NADH is used to power the pumps that actively transport H+ out of the mitochondrial matrix
62
What is the final step of ETC?
Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC. The "tired" electrons join with oxygen, which then combines with H+ to form water.
63
What is happening at the same time as ETC?
Chemiosmosis
64
What is Chemiosmosis?
H+ builds up in the inner membrane space of the mitochondria, and begins to diffuse through ATP synthase. This process produces most of the ATP in cellular respiration.
65
For every one glucose molecule, approximately how many ATPs are produced during cellular respiration (when O2 is readily available)?
Approximately 32 ATPs
66
What is fermentation?
Harvesting energy without oxygen
67
What do the fermentation pathways do?
Fermentation pathways do NOT produce ATP but they do oxidize NADH to NAD+
68
What does the oxidation of NADH allow (during fermentation)
This allows glycolysis to continue making a limited amount of ATP
69
What are the two types of fermentation?
Lactic acid fermentation, and alcohol fermentation
70
What happens in lactic acid fermentation?
NADH is oxidized to NAD+ as pyruvate is reduced to lactate (precursor to lactic acid)
71
Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?
Some bacteria and the muscle cells of mammals
72
How does the dairy industry use lactic acid fermentation?
To produce cheese and yogurt
73
What happens in Alcohol fermentation?
NADH is oxidized to NAD+ as pyruvate is converted into ethyl alcohol and CO2
74
Where does alcohol fermentation occur?
Some bacteria and yeast
75
How is alcohol fermentation used?
To make wine, beer, and bread
76
What process(es) fall under Aerobic?
Cellular Respiration
77
What process(es) fall under Anaerobic?
Lactic Acid Fermentation, and Alcohol Fermentation
78
What is produced by Cellular Respiration?
H2O, CO2, NAD+, and ATP
79
What is produced by Lactic Acid Fermentation?
NAD+ and Lactic Acid
80
What is produced by Alcohol Fermentation?
NAD+, CO2, and Ethyl Alcohol
