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college psychology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

Nature refers to heredity - the influence of inherited charactersitics on personality and physcial growth. Nurture refers to the influence of the environment on all of those same things that includes parenting styles and environmental surroundings

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2
Q

Genetics

A

science of heredity. This is understanding how genes transmit human characteristics and traits involves defining a few basic terms

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3
Q

Dominant gene

A

This gene will always be expressed in the observable trait

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4
Q

Recessive genes

A

tend to recede or fade into the background when paired with a dominant gene

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5
Q

dizygotic twins

A

this is when two eggs are fertilzed during pregnancy

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6
Q

monozygotic twins

A

meaning the egg spit from one egg to create two babies

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7
Q

germinal period

A

The first part of pregnancy (for about 2 weeks)

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8
Q

embryonic period

A

lasts from about two weeks after conception to eight weeks. During this time the cells continue to specialize and become various organs of the human. At the end of 8 weeks, all organs are there even though they are not functioning properly

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9
Q

critical periods

A

times during which environmental influence can have an impact. These consist of the heart ( 2 weeks to 6 weeks and the limbs (3.5 to 8 weeks)

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10
Q

teragtogen

A

This is any birth defect that is caused by a drug

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11
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

a series of physical and mental defects including stunted growth, facial deformities, and brain damage

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12
Q

fetal period

A

period of time from 8 weeks to the conception of birth . This is the time that the baby grows the most

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13
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

first stage of Piaget’s stages. Occurs from birth to age 2. This is when they learn about all of their senses. They also have a full understanding of object permanence by the end of the stage

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14
Q

preoperational stage

A

ages 2-7. a time of developing language and concepts. During this stage a child will go through the understanding of egocentrsim, centration, conservation , and irreversibility.

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15
Q

centration

A

wanting the piece of pie that has two slices regardless of if the other slice is bigger

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16
Q

conservation

A

conservation of water example

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17
Q

concrete operations stage

A

ages 7-12. children become capable of conservation and reversible thinking. They are able to recognize that certain fantasy’s are not real. They cannot think abstractly though

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18
Q

Formal operations stage

A

ages 12-adulthood. Abstract thinking becomes possible. Teenagers are able to think hypothetically .

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19
Q

Who came up with the four stages of cognitive development?

A

Piaget

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20
Q

Vygotsky’s theory

A

He had theories about development in children. But rather than dealing with objects, he dealt with social and culture factors

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21
Q

What are the 5 stages of Language development

A

Cooing, babbling, one-word speech, telegraphic speech, whole sentences

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22
Q

cooing

A

around 2 month old. vowel-like sounds

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23
Q

babbling

A

at about six month, infants add consonant sounds to the vowels which at times sounds like real speech.

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24
Q

one-word speech

A

just before age 1, most children are able to say words

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25
telegraphic speech
around 1 and half. toddlers begin to string words together to form short sentences
26
Whole sentences
by age 6, they are usually as fluent as most adults
27
temperament
the emotional and behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth. There are 3 basic temperament styles: Easy, Difficult, Slow to warm up
28
What are the attachment styles (Mary Ainsworth)
Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized - disoriented
29
Secure attachment
these babies did not like when the stranger came into the room and were very happy that the mother was in there
30
Avoidant
willing to explore. They did not "touch base" with their mothers and reacted very little to her return
31
Ambivalent
clinging and unwilling to explore. There were upset by the stranger regardless of whether or not they were with their mom. The babies had mixed reactions as they were happy to see their mother but not kind of mad that she left
32
Disorganzied - disorientated
some babies were hard to find how they should react to their mother leaving
33
personal fable
the feeling that many teens have that they think so much that no one has ever had those thoughts beforre
34
Imaginary aduience
the feeling in kids that everyone is always watching them and that they are the center of the world
35
Authroitatrian parenting
overly concerned with rules. These parents demand perfection
36
permissive parenting
these parents aren't as involved in ones life and the kids don't have any sort of obedience
37
Authoritative parenting
involves firm limits on behavior with love and affection.
38
Erikson stage 1
Trust vs Mistrust (birth to 1 year old)
39
Erikson stage 2
Autonomy vs Shame (1 to 3 years old)
40
Erikson stage 3
Initiative vs Guilt (3 to 5 years old)
41
Erikson stage 4
Industry vs inferiority (5 to 12 years old)
42
Erikson stage 5
Indentiy vs confusion (12 years to 20)
43
Erkison stage 6
Intimacy vs Isolation (20s and 30s)
44
Erikson stage 7
Generality vs Stagnation (40s and 50s)
45
Erikson stage 8
Ego Integrity vs Despair (60s and beyond)
46
Primary drives
these involve things like food thirst and sex
47
secondary drives
the need for money, social acceptance etc
48
Who thought of the need for affiliation, power and achievments model?
McClelland
49
James-Lange theory
first the arousal happens, then the emotion
50
Cannon-Bard theory
the emotion and the arousal happen at the same time
51
Two factor
arousal happens first. Then the emotion is labeled. Then the emotion comes
52
Cognitive Mediational
cognitive interpretation happens first. Then the emotion. then the arousal
53
Facial Feedback
The facial expression happens first. Followed by the emotion
54
what is the order of the Maslow's hierarchy?
1. ) physiological needs 2. ) Safety needs 3. ) Love and belonging 4. ) Esteem needs (to achieve and be competent. and to gain approval) 5. ) Cognitive needs (understanding and exploring the world) 6. ) Aesthetic needs (to appreciate order and beauty) 7. ) Self actualization needs (to finally reach ones full potential) 8. ) Transcendence needs (to find spiritual meaning beyond one's belief)
55
self determination theory
This theory says that there are 3 inborn needs that help people gain a complete sense of their-self. These are autonomy, competence, and relatedness. (Richard Ryan and Edward Deci)
56
problem focuses coping
Trying to get rid of the stressor
57
Emotion focused coping
Trying to successfully deal with the problem by facing it and talking it through with someone to tackle it more directly
58
consciousness
awareness of everything going on
59
Waking state
Thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear
60
Altered state
Shift in quality or pattern of mental activity
61
circadian rhythm
24 hour body rhythm
62
beta waves
person is wide awake and mentally active
63
alpha ways
person is relaxed or lightly sleeping
64
Non rem 1
theta waves. light sleep. brain is starting to fall asleep
65
non rem 2
very temporary. breathing and heart rate decrease
66
non rem 3
Delta waves. growth hormones released; hard to wake up (half the time spent asleep is here)
67
Rem
eyes moving under eyelids. 90% of dreaming is done in REM
68
REM rebound
spending lot of time in REM sleep the night after taking sleeping pills or other depressants
69
Nightmares
bad dreams that take place in REM sleep
70
Night terrors
bad dreams that take place in Non rem 3
71
pons
sends signals to the upper part of the brain during REM
72
thalmus
receives random signals from the pons and sends them to the proper sensory areas of the cortex
73
cerebral cortex
this is the part of the brain that makes up the stories when dreaming
74
Psychological dependence
the belief that the drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being
75
Physical dependence
being unable to function without a certain drug

college psychology (6 decks)

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