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SOC 1200 > Unit 4-7 > Flashcards

Unit 4-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Counterculture

A

A group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles

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2
Q

Cultural imperialism

A

The one extensive infusion of one nation’s culture into other nations

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3
Q

Cultural lag

A

William Ogburn’s term for a gap between the technical development of a society (material culture) and its moral and legal institutions (nonmaterial culture)

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4
Q

Cultural relativism

A

The belief that the behaviours and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture’s own stands

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5
Q

Cultural universals

A

Customs and practices that occur across all societies

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6
Q

Culture

A

The knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society

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7
Q

Diffusion

A

The transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another

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8
Q

Discovery

A

The process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized

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9
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The tendency to regard one’s own culture and group as the standard-and thus superior-whereas all other groups are seen as inferior

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10
Q

Folkways

A

Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture

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11
Q

Ideal culture

A

The values and standards of behaviour that people in a society profess to hold

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12
Q

Invention

A

The process of reshaping existing cultural items into a new form

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13
Q

Language

A

A system of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another

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14
Q

Laws

A

Formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions

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15
Q

Material culture

A

A component of culture that consists of the physical or tangible creations - such as clothing, shelter, and art - that members of a society make, use, and share

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16
Q

Mores

A

Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture

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17
Q

Nonmaterial culture

A

A component of culture that consist of the abstract or intangible human creations of society - such as attitudes, beliefs, and values - that influence people’s behaviour

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18
Q

Norms

A

Established rules of behaviour or standards of conduct

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19
Q

Real culture

A

The values and standards of behaviour that people actually follow (as contrasted with ideal culture)

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20
Q

Sanctions

A

Rewards for appropriate behaviour or penalties for inappropriate behaviour

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21
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

The proposition that language shapes its speakers’ view of reality

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22
Q

Subculture

A

A group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviours that differ in some significant way from those of the larger society

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23
Q

Taboos

A

Mores so strong that their violation is considered extremely offensive and even unmentionable

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24
Q

Technology

A

The knowledge, techniques, and tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms, as well as the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed

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25
Q

Value contradiction

A

Values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive

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26
Q

Values

A

Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture

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27
Q

Assimilation

A

A process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture

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28
Q

Authoritarian personality

A

A personality type characterized by excessive conformity. submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking

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29
Q

Discrimination

A

Actions or practices of dominant group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group

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30
Q

Ethnic group

A

A collection of people distinguished, by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics

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31
Q

Ethnic pluralism

A

The coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society

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32
Q

Hate racism (or overt racism)

A

Racism that may take the form of deliberate and highly personals attacks, including derogatory slurs and name-calling toward members of a racial or ethnic group who are perceived to be “inferior”

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33
Q

Institutionalized racism

A

A situation where the establishment rules, policies, and practices within an institution or organization produce differential treatment of various groups based on race

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34
Q

Internal colonialism

A

According to conflict theorists, a situation in which members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group

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35
Q

Majority (dominant) group

A

An advantaged group that has the greatest power and resources in a society

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36
Q

Minority (subordinate) group

A

A group whose members, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment and discrimination by the dominant group

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37
Q

Polite racism

A

A term used to describe an attempt`to disguise a dislike of others through behaviour that is outwardly nonprejudicial

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38
Q

Prejudice

A

A negative attitude based on preconceived notions about members of selective group

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39
Q

Race

A

A term used by many people to specify groups of physical characteristics, such as skin colour; also, a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics, such as skin colour, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes

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40
Q

Racial prejudice

A

Beliefs that certain racial groups are innately inferior to others or have a disproportionate number of negative traits

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41
Q

Racism

A

A set of ideas that implies the superiority of one social group over another on the basis of biological or cultural characteristics, together with the power to put these beliefs into practice in a way that controls, excludes, or exploits minority women and men

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42
Q

Scapegoat

A

A person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others

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43
Q

Segregation

A

A term used to describe the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race/ ethnicity, class, gender and/ or religion

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44
Q

Split labour market

A

A term used to describe the division of the economy into two areas of employment: a primary sector, or upper tier, composed of higher-paid (usually dominant group) workers in more secure jobs; and a secondary sector, or lower tier, composed of lower-paid (often subordinate group) workers in jobs with little security and hazardous working conditions

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45
Q

Stereotype

A

An overgeneralization about the appearance, behaviour, or other characteristics of members of particular groups

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46
Q

Subliminal racism

A

A term used to describe an unconscious racism that occurs when there is a conflict of values

47
Q

Visible minority

A

Government term used to describe those who are nonwhite, non-Indigenous, or non-Caucasian. This term is used interchangeably with “people of colour” and “racialized minorities”

48
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older persons

49
Q

Agents of socialization

A

The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know to participate in society

50
Q

Anticipatory socialization

A

The process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles

51
Q

Ego

A

According to Sigmund Freud, the rational reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id

52
Q

Gender socialization

A

The aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerting the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society

53
Q

Generalized other

A

George Herbert Mead’s term for the child’s awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child’s subculture

54
Q

Id

A

Sigmund Freud’s term for the component of personality that includes all of the individual’s basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification

55
Q

Looking-glass self

A

Charles Horton Cooley’s term for the way I which a person’s sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others

56
Q

Peer group

A

A group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age

57
Q

Reciprocal socialization

A

The process by which the feelings, thoughts appearance, and behaviour of individuals who are undergoing socialization also have a direct influence on those agents of socialization who are attempting to influence them

58
Q

Resocialization

A

The process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviours from those in one’s previous background and experience

59
Q

Role-taking

A

The process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person in order to understand the world from that person’s point of view

60
Q

Self-concept

A

The totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves

61
Q

Significant others

A

Those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are not most important in the development of the self

62
Q

Social devaluation

A

A situation in which a person or group is considered to have less social value than other individuals or groups

63
Q

Socialization

A

The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society

64
Q

Sociobiology

A

The systematic study of how biology affects social behaviour

65
Q

Superego

A

Sigmund Freud’s term for the human conscience, consisting of the moral and ethical aspects of personality

66
Q

Total institution

A

Erving Goffman’s term for a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution

67
Q

Ingroup

A

A group to which a person belongs and identifies with

68
Q

Outgroup

A

A group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility

69
Q

Reference group

A

A group that strongly influences a person

s behaviour and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is a member

70
Q

Network

A

A web of social relationships that link a number of people

71
Q

Small group

A

A collectivity small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously

72
Q

Dyad

A

A group consisting of two members

73
Q

Triads

A

A group composed of three members

74
Q

Conformity

A

The process of maintaining or changing behaviour to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group

75
Q

Groupthink

A

The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual

76
Q

Bureaucracy

A

An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labour, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personal matters

77
Q

Bilateral descent

A

A system of tracing descent through both the mother’s and father’s sides of the family

78
Q

Cohabitation

A

The sharing of a household by a couple who live together without being legally married

79
Q

Dual-earner families

A

Families in which both partners are in the labour force

80
Q

Egalitarian family

A

A family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally

81
Q

Extended family

A

A family unit composed relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household

82
Q

Families we choose

A

Social arrangements that include intimate relationships between couples and close familial relationships with other couples, as well as with other adults and children

83
Q

Family

A

A relationship in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group

84
Q

Family of orientation

A

The family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place

85
Q

Family of procreation

A

The family that a person forms by having or adopting children

86
Q

Homogamy

A

The pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class

87
Q

Infertility

A

An inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual relations

88
Q

Kinship

A

A social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

89
Q

Marriage

A

A legally recognized and/ or socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity

90
Q

Matriarchal family

A

A family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female

91
Q

Matrilineal descent

A

A system of tracing descent through the mother’s side of the family

92
Q

Monogamy

A

Marriage to one person at a time

93
Q

Nuclear family

A

A family made up of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from relatives

94
Q

Patriarchal family

A

A family structure in which authority is held by the eldest male (p. usually the father)

95
Q

Patrilineal descent

A

A system of tracing descent through the father’s side of the family

96
Q

Polyandry

A

The concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men

97
Q

Polygamy

A

The practice of having more than one spouse at a time

98
Q

Polygyny

A

The concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women

99
Q

Second shift

A

Arlie Hochschild’s term for the domestic work that employed women perform at home after they complete their workday on the job

100
Q

Sociology of family

A

The sub discipline of sociology that attempts to describe and explain patterns of family life and variations in family structure

101
Q

Activity theory

A

The proposition that people tend to shift gears in late middle age and find substitutes for previous statuses, roles, and activities

102
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age

103
Q

Age stratification

A

The inequalities, differences, segregation, or conflict between age groups

104
Q

Aging

A

The physical, psychological, and social processes associated with growing older

105
Q

Aging and society paradigm

A

A functionalist theory that says that our lives are shaped by the social institutions through which we pass during our lives

106
Q

Chronological age

A

A person’s age based on date of birth

107
Q

Cohort

A

A category of people born within a specified period in time or who share some specified characteristics

108
Q

Cumulative advantage theory

A

The notion that the advantages and disadvantages of gender, race, and class accumulate over the life course and have a major impact on aging

109
Q

Disengagement theory

A

The proposition that older persons make a normal and healthy adjustment to aging when they detach themselves from their social roles and prepare for their eventual death

110
Q

Elder abuse

A

A term used to describe physical abuse, psychological abuse, financial exploitation, and medical abuse or neglect of people age 65 or older

111
Q

Functional age

A

A term used to describe observable individual attributes, such as physical appearance mobility, strength, coordination, and mental capacity, that are used to assign people to age categories

112
Q

Gerontology

A

The study of aging and older people

113
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average length of the a group of individuals of the same will live

114
Q

Nursing home

A

Any institution that offers medical care for chronically ill older people but is not a hospital

SOC 1200 (3 decks)

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