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Medical And Microbiology > Unit 4 A > Flashcards

Unit 4 A Flashcards

1
Q

The two arms of the immune system are known as adaptive immunity & ________ immunity.

A

Innate

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2
Q

What three main jobs is the immune system responsible for?

A

Surveillance of the body

Recognition of foreign material

Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign

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3
Q

What does it need to do in addition to these jobs to prevent harming the body?

A

Not attacking the self

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4
Q

“Self” & “Nonself” are important topics in immunology & how your body recognizes foreign invaders. How does the body tell the difference between self & nonself using markers?

A

Trained to recognize self, or body cells, & nonself, bacterial cells or other invading pathogens.

Uses markers: different on nonself organisms then on us

Molecules on the surface of cells

Composed of proteins and/or sugars

Evaluated by cells of the immune system

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5
Q

PRR

A

Pattern-recognition receptors

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6
Q

PAMP

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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7
Q

Antigen

A

A chemical/molecule/protein that can trigger an adaptive immune response

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8
Q

Why is the innate immune system considered “nonspecific”?

A

It notices broad nonspecific classes of microbes.

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9
Q

Blood plasma

A

is the liquidish part in which blood cells are suspended in and it is unclotted.

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10
Q

Blood serum

A

is what remains after blood clots & does not contain any clotting factors.

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11
Q

Lymph

A

Fluids in the lymphatic system

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12
Q

Blood

A

Fluids in the circulatory system

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13
Q

Bone marrow

A

Blood cells develop and mature into active cells. All blood cells original in bone marrow

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14
Q

Thymus

A

Blood cells develop and mature into active cells. A particular type of white blood cell, the T cell, finishes development here (but begins development in bone marrow)

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15
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Sites of activation from Lymph Fluid

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16
Q

Spleen

A

Sites of activation from Blood

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17
Q

XALT Tissue

A

Associated Lymphoid Tissues: Sites of activation from Mucosal Membranes or Skin.

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18
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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19
Q

SALT

A

Skin-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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20
Q

GALT

A

Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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21
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells. The primary infection-fighting blood cells.

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22
Q

Lymphocyte

A

The second most common form of white blood cells. (In lymphatic system) these cells learn

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23
Q

Agranulocyte

A

No granules
Monocytes

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24
Q

Granulocytes

A

Contain noticeable granules. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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25
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Molecule capable of changing cell function

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26
Q

What is the first line of defense? Provide 3 examples of aspects of this initial aspect of our immune defenses.

A

Physical structure- Skin & mucosal membranes

Secretions- Sebum, tears, wax, mucus, saliva, sweat

Removal- Defecation, urination, skin shedding

Enzymes- Lysozyme

Microbiome

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27
Q

Which type of stem cell gives rise to all the red blood cells, white blood cells (otherwise known as leukocytes), and platelets of the body?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell

28
Q

Dendritic cells

A

reside in tissues and MPS; process foreign matter and present it to lymphocytes; antigen-presenting cells.

29
Q

Macrophages

A

large phagocytic cells; high capacity for killing microbes and cleaning up dead cells; antigen-presenting cells.

30
Q

Monocytes

A

blood phagocytes that rapidly leave the circulation; mature into macrophages and dendritic cells.

31
Q

T-cell

A

Cell-mediated immunity; assist B cells

32
Q

B-cell

A

Differentiate into plasma cells and release antibody; antigen-presenting cells

33
Q

Natural Killer cell

A

are related to T cells but do not act specifically. (innate)

34
Q

Natural Killer T cells

A

are T cells and have NK activity. (adaptive)

35
Q

Gamma-delta T cells

A

respond to both specific and nonspecific agents.

36
Q

Neutrophils

A

Short-lived phagocytes in blood; active engulfs and killers of bacteria.

37
Q

Basophils

A

Function in inflammatory events.

38
Q

Eosinophils

A

Active in protozoal, helminth, and inflammatory reactions.

39
Q

Mast cells

A

Specialized tissue cells similar to basophils that trigger local inflammatory reactions, such as allergic symptoms.

40
Q

Red blood cell

A

carry O2 and CO2

41
Q

Platelets

A

involved in blood clotting, inflammation, and destruction of blood-borne bacteria

42
Q

What three main types of cells are considered phagocytes? Where would you expect to find each type?

A

Neutrophils: bacterial infection/first responders

Monocytes: blood stream

Macrophages: in the tissue

43
Q

Describe the steps involved in the process of phagocytosis.

A

Chemoattraction by PRR & PAMP recognition

      Peptidoglycan, LPS, dsRNA

Adhesion

Engulfment

Phagosome

Phagolysosome

       Hydrolytic enzymes & low pH

Killing/ Destruction of microbes (usually within 30 min)

Exocytosis

44
Q

How do cells of the innate immune system recognize targets for phagocytosis?

A

Using pattern recognition receptors to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (includes things like flagella proteins, peptidoglycan, fungal cell wall components, etc.)

45
Q

How does having antibodies make phagocytosis better?

A

Specifical target phagocytes to threats. (more targeted) makes a threat less likely to develop a disease.

46
Q

Exudate

A

blood-borne components that escape into extracellular space.

47
Q

Edema

A

local swelling & firmness due to accumulation of exudate into the tissues.

48
Q

Diapedesis

A

The migration of intact blood cells between endothelial cells of a blood vessel such as a venule.

49
Q

Chemotaxis

A

movement of white blood cells from the bloodstream into the tissues.

50
Q

What are the four signs of inflammation?

A

Rubor

Calor

Tumor

Dolor

Loss of function

51
Q

Rubor

A

redness (caused by increased circulation & vasodilation in injured tissues)

52
Q

Calor

A

heat (warmth from the increased flow of blood)

53
Q

Tumor

A

swelling (from increased fluid escaping from tissues)

54
Q

Dolor

A

pain (caused by the simulation of nerve endings)

55
Q

What are three benefits of the edema and chemotaxis seen during inflammatory responses?

A

Influx of fluid dilutes toxic substances.

Fibrin clot can trap microbes & prevent further spread.

Neutrophils actively phagocytose & destroy bacteria, dead tissue, & particulate matter.

56
Q

What is a normal oral body temperature for an adult?

A

97.6-99.6

57
Q

How does your body temperature change as you get older?

A

Primarily decreases as you get older

58
Q

Describe an exogenous pyrogen and an endogenous pyrogen are & what they do in the body.

A

They reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting (create heat/fever)

Exogenous: originating outside the body

    Products of infectious agents such   as   
      viruses, bacteria, protozoans, & fungi
  Endotoxin
  Blood, blood products, vaccines, 
         injectable solutions

Endogenous: originating inside the body
Released by monocytes, neutrophils, &
macrophages during the process of
phagocytosis
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) & tumor necrosis
factor (TNF)

59
Q

What are the benefits to running a slight fever?

A

Inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms

Impedes the nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of iron.

Increases metabolism & stimulates immune reactions & naturally protective physiological processes

60
Q

What are the benefits to running a slight fever?

A

Fights infection

Slows bacteria and viruses

Increased white blood cell soldiers

Increased acute phase response

Helps you recover quickly

Protects the body

Does not cause harm

61
Q

One type of antimicrobial protein family was described in lecture: complement. How many proteins are involved in this network of antimicrobial proteins?

A

Conplement: consists of over 30 blood proteins and work together to destroy bacteria and viruses.

62
Q

Classical complement pathway

A

begins when antibody binds to microbial cells

63
Q

Lectin pathway

A

activated by mannans

64
Q

Alternative pathway

A

activated by bacterial or fungal cell wall, viruses, or parasite surfaces

65
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides and how do they kill microbes?

A

They are secreted into mucosal membrane secretions, tears, and even on the skin.

The insert themselves into bacterial membranes killing the microbe.

66
Q

Describe the steps involved in the process of inflammation.

A

Pathogen attack
Attach on receptor
Stimulation of receptors
Activations of inflammatory cytokines
Change the vascular endothelial permissibility
Release antibodies and then neutrophils
Increase the excretion of coagulation factor & c reactive protein
Invoke brain cells / smooth secretion of prostaglandins
Effects on CNS
Response as pain, redness, fever

Medical And Microbiology (16 decks)

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