Unit 4 AC 3.2 Flashcards
What are the five categories we look at in this topic
Environmental Design
Prison Design
Behavioural tactics
Institutional tactics
Gaps in provision
What is included in environmental designs
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
Defensible and indefensible spaces
What are indefensible spaces
Where crime is more likely to happen as they are owned and cared for by no one e.g walkways
What % of crime are committed in public spaces as no one felt like they were owned
55%
What are defensible spaces
Introduced to reduce the crime rate
Spaces which are built/ changed to reduce crime
4 key principles
What are the 4 key principles that makes a defensible space
Territoriality (encourage sense of ownership by residents)
Natural surveillance (open spaces to easily identify strangers)
A safe image (promoting safe caring neighbourhood)
Safe Location (surrounded by other safe areas provided protection)
Who came up with the theory of defensible spaces
Oscar Newman
Who came up with the theory of CPTED
Ray Jeffery developed the theory
Who analysed 4099 blocks of flats for CPTED
Alice Coleman
What were Alice Colemans findings of studying 4099 blocks of flats
Poor design of many blocks produced higher rated of crime
The designs encourage anonymity, lack of surveillance and easy escapes for criminals
What did Alice Coleman recommend after her investigation into the blocks of flats
No more blocks to be built
Existing blocks should have a private space which everyone looks over
Overhead walkways to be removed as they obstruct surveillance
Which case involved poor surveillance and occurred in a indefensible space on a narrow block of stairs
Damilola Taylor - open surveillance may have discouraged the crime or helped save him
What are the positives of CPTED
Promotes sense of ownership - positive boundary maintenance - functionalism
Brown and Altman found that physical modifications meant residents care and watchfulness prevented crime
What is the evidence that CPTED works
Ohio CPTED - updated buildings and housing = 13% reduction of crime over a year
What are three negatives of CPTED
Says crime happens in open and visible places - vagrancy
Causes crime displacement rather than prevention
Areas reputation causes crime and not the design - labelling by police for more patrol
How does the prison design of panopticon contribute to social control
Traditional design of prison which others are built from - design by Jeremy Bentham
Allows guards to see all prisons form central point without them knowing - creates internal surveillance and rehab
Cannot communicate with other prisoners to stop riots
Which prison designs has the panopticon helped devlop
Telephone pole
Wakefield prison - cruciform
What style of prison was built in america
American Supermax prison - high security prison
How many new prison places did the gov promise for by 2023
930 new blocks with 4 more prisons
What is the evidence that prison does not help with social control
Recividism rate being 50%
Recividism rate higher for those who has short term prison sentences compared to community sentences
Norway prisons - less recividism and prison approach is more liberal
What are gated lanes
Gates at enterences of alleyways to deter burglars from gaining unlawful access
What are the positives of gated lanes
Deters crimes as it is more effort to offend and cannot use the defence of thinking it was a public space
Lanchashire - made people feel safer and reduced crime and tipping
What are the negatives of gated lanes
Cost £4k per gate
Dont stop criminal within the area
Retrict access for emergancy services
Requires trust among neighbours
What things are included under Behavioural tactics
ASBOs
CBOs
Token Economy
