unit 4 aos 1 Flashcards

Question

how does access to safe water impact BOD

Answer 1

women often have to trek long distances to collect water, contributing to the development of physical ailments, increasing YLD associated with musculoskeletal conditions (gout) places with stagnant water are more likely to have a higher rate of malaria, a life-threatening disease, increasing YLL

Answer 2

countries with limited access to safe water are more likely to develop infections from bacteria due to unsafe water consumption, increasing their chances of developing illnesses such as cholera and impacting physical health.

Answer 3

countries with inadequate sanitation have a higher risk of developing Hepatitis A, contributing to higher mortality rates due to lack of proper sanitation, there is an increase in mortality rates from Cholera due to poor conditions, ultimately decreasing life expectancy

Answer 4

there is an increase risk of diarrheal diseases which causes eventual malnutrition contributing to higher YLD as there are more people dying from infectious diseases such as Cholera, YLL increases

Answer 5

poor sanitation inc the risk of Polio, increasing the likelihood of school absences, causes students to feel behind in school, increasing stress and anxiety (mental)

Answer 6

being unable to afford nutritious foods increases mortality associated with malnutrition being unable to afford healthcare decreases the amount of ppl able to be vaccinated against conditions such as COVID-19, increasing incidence of COVID among populations

Answer 7

more ppl dying from malnutrition increases YLL due to premature death certain conditions may be left undetected due to being unable to afford healthcare, causing ppl to endure symptoms of hypertension, increasing YLD

Answer 8

poverty creates financial stress over being unable to afford food (mental)

Answer 9

those who are racially discriminated against may be limited access to appropriate healthcare, causing lower life expectancy as they aren't able to receive the care they need

Answer 10

those who are racially discriminarted against may come to a point of being displaced, making them vulnerable of catching influenza, increasing YLD

Answer 11

due to being discriminated against, ppl may develop poor self esteem (mental)

Answer 12

those facing discrimination may result in wars between religious groups, increasing MR associated with injury

Answer 13

less access to public education and reducing the ability to realise human rights can lead to homicides and killing due to religious ties, increasing YLL

Answer 14

may face discrimination such as being sworn at, increasing their stress levels and may resort to smoking to relieve it, increasing their risk of lung cancer (physical)

Answer 15

higher levels of gender inequality means that females may be unable to seek paid employment, meaning they will have less money. This means that females are more likely to live in poverty, meaning they can't access resources such as healthcare, leading for conditions to go untreated, contributing to higher mortality rates.

Answer 16

women in low-income countries miss out of opportunities for employment, and may enter jobs that are unfairly paid and dangerous, may increase their risk of obtaining musculoskeletal conditions, increasing YLD

Answer 17

due to increased pressure put on women to support men, they have no power to speak up for themselves, reducing self esteem impacting mental h+w

Answer 18

those who don't identify as heterosexual are often subjected to sexual assault, increasing morbidity rates associated

Answer 19

higher rates of mental disorders, sexual and physical assault and self-inflicted harm increase YLL due to premature death

Answer 20

often refused jobs due. lack of employment can lead to individuals feeling like they don’t have a purpose in life, or belonging to their community, affecting spiritual h+w

Answer 21

those who don't conform with typical genders are at higher risk of discrimination and may experience higher risk of suicide leading to a decreased life expectancy

Answer 22

those who are transgender suffer more discrimination, leading to mental health disorders through psychological damaged inflicted through social interactions impacting YLD

Answer 23

those transgender more risk of higher rates of mental disorders due to bullying impacting mental h+w

Answer 24

increase marketing of tobacco encourages individuals to take up smoking, increasing the prevalence of CVD induced by tobacco use

Answer 25

By extension, low- middle-income countries have higher YLLs of diseases caused by tobacco use, including lung cancer, heart disease and respiratory diseases

Answer 26

tobacco consumption is addictive and expensive for individuals to fund as prices of tobacco are expensive, thus inflicting financial stress and anxiety (mental health and wellbeing).

Answer 27

increased alcohol consumption can lead to an increased incidence of road accidents

Answer 28

more likely for ppl to develop conditions such as obesity, impairing the functioning of the body and its systems, impacting physical h+w

Answer 29

processed foods are seen as cheaper, consuming a large amount of processed foods can lead to a build-up of fats on artery walls, increasing morbidity and mortality rates associated with CVD

Answer 30

with number of conditions due to high intake of processed foods, and unable to afford healthcare, means they are less likely to survive, contributing to inc YLL

Answer 31

inc risk of CVD and obesity, impairs the ability for individuals to work and earn an income, inc stress and anxiety levels abt financing resources and their family, impacting mental h+w

Answer 32

ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future

Answer 33

economic, social and environmental

Answer 34

innovation and diversity of industries employment economic growth trade

Answer 35

if there is a diverse range of industries, promotes a number of employment, reduces stress and anxiety to ensuring individuals with adequate income

Answer 36

provides fair compensation to an individual based on how much they work, promoting spiritual as they are acknowledged on their work efforts.

Answer 37

ensures current generation and future generations the ability to earn an income, decreasing stress and anxiety over affording resources

Answer 38

greater income can make cost of living expenses more affordable, for example, air conditioning may improve sleeping conditions and support the body’s functioning (physical)

Answer 39

creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely

Answer 40

elimination of poverty and provision of social protection systems gender equality access to safe and decent working conditions promotion of political & legal rights peace & security

Answer 41

enabling to be better equipped to deal with misfortune (emotional)

Answer 42

decreased stress levels due to impacts of violence and discrimination (mental)

Answer 43

children being able to stay in skl and socialise with peers (social)

Answer 44

addressing violence against women, reduces risk of injury (physical)

Answer 45

ppl can go abt their daily lives and socialise (social)

Answer 46

ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future

Answer 47

biodiversity use of natural resources waste removal and pollution climate change

Answer 48

Bees have been declining globally, impacting the growth of some crops, potentially decreasing world food supply, leading to food insecurity increasing stress and anxiety (mental)

Answer 49

sustainable use of natural resources preserves natural environment that many people value for cultural reasons (spiritual)

Answer 50

resources unable to be replenished in a short period of time, once they are used they aren’t available to future generations

Answer 51

resources that are replenished naturally and over a relatively short period

Answer 52

removing waste ensures sustainable access to clean water, allowing people to persue employment, promoting feelings of satisfaction and achievement (emotional)

Answer 53

minimising impact of climate change may cause weather patterns to stabilise, reducing severity of natural disasters, reducing inury and death (physical)

Answer 54

creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives

Answer 55

lead long and healthy lives lead productive and creating lives have access to knowledge and expand their choices and capabilities have access to the resources for a decent standard of living participate in the life of the community participate in the decisions that affect their lives

Answer 56

A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development. based off 3 dimensions and 4 indicators

Answer 57

long and healthy life knowledge a decent standard of living

Answer 58

LE at birth mean years of schooling expected years of schooling GNI per capita

Answer 59

indication of how long a person can expect to life - no. of years of life remaining to a person at birth if death rates don’t change

Answer 60

average no. of years of eduction achieved by those ages 25+

Answer 61

no. of years of education expected for a child of school entrance age

Answer 62

overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid, divided by the population of the country

Answer 63

* takes more than average incomes into account → provides more comprehensive representation of level of HD experienced * HDI is effective for analysing progress made by countries overtime → 4 indicators may experience differing rates of progress - monitoring overall HDI useful * HDI captured attention of media, policy makers, communities and individuals → raised awareness of importance of HD → helps ppl question and revise current policy choices

Answer 64

* based on averages, doesn’t provide indication of inequalities that exist within countries → those from cultural minorities, females, disabilities, rural areas often experience lower levels of HD * comparisons within countries as data are often collected at a national level → reliability of data for measuring HD remains a challenge * only reflects selected aspects of HD → doesn’t capture richness & depth of HD

Answer 65

forced relocation, reduction in availability of freshwater, reduced availability of food, changes in biodiversity

Answer 66

Relocation can strain existing infrastructure, such as safe water and sanitation services, housing, and healthcare services. This may lead to poor physical health and well-being.

Answer 67

Water scarcity can lead to increased poverty levels because people may have to pay large amounts of money to purchase clean water. The increased stress this produces may affect mental health and well-being.

Answer 68

Hunger and malnutrition affect physical health and wellbeing by reducing immunity to disease, contributing to micronutrient deficiencies, lack of energy and stunted growth in children.

Answer 69

Rising sea levels and salinity has the potential to interrupt the entire ecosystem and threaten many of the systems that sustain life, impacting all dimensions of h+w.

Answer 70

more infectious diseases inc BOD from CVD and asthma inc homelessness less food & increased hunger less access to fresh water

Answer 71

Physical health could be compromised, as an increase in the mosquito population could result in an increase in diseases such as malaria, dengue, and yellow fever and the spread of these diseases into previously unaffected countries.

Answer 72

during climate change, pollen levels fluctuate during periods of high heat and can trigger asthma, which already accountrs of a high burden of disease, therefore impacting physical h+w.

Answer 73

Homelessness is a major cause of poor physical h+w, Without safe housing, the risk of injury and violence is increased

Answer 74

Mothers often have to care of sick children, which may reduce the time she can work in the fields to provide food for the family, increasing stress and impacting mental h+w.

Answer 75

Low-income and middle-income countries may not be in an economic position to provide basic resources for their people. As a result, malnutrition increases, and conditions are left untreated during times of conflict, reducing the functioning of the body systems.

Answer 76

Those who are in countries of conflict may be living in fear and being concerned for the health and wellbeing of themselves and their families, increasing the level of stress and anxiety.

Answer 77

Those in countries of conflict may be restricted in where they can go. Children may be unable to go to school, which reduces the number of social interactions they can make, ultimately reducing their ability to create productive relationships.

Answer 78

Women are at higher risk of rape and abuse when conflict occurs. Lack of protection from rival forces may reduce women’s resilience.

Answer 79

Women are at higher risk of rape and abuse when conflict occurs, this may result in a lack of belonging and having a purpose in life.

Answer 80

Refugees are often forced into crowded and unsanitary living conditions in refugee camps. This can lead to outbreaks of cholera and other preventable diseases that contribute to high rates of morbidity and mortality and reduced physical h+w.

Answer 81

Displaced women and children are particularly at risk of sexual and gender-based violence. This may reduce the amount of positive thought patterns in women and children.

Answer 82

Those who are forced to leave their homes may have to drop out of school, reducing the number of social interactions they have with their peers, which can reduce their ability to communicate effectively with others.

Answer 83

As children cannot live an ordinary childhood and are forced to flee their homes, they may be unable to interpret the different emotions that they experience, which impacts their ability to recognise and understand the range of emotions they experience.

Answer 84

Displaced women and children are particularly at risk of sexual and gender violence. This may impair how they feel about their lives and reduce their sense of belonging.

Answer 85

To produce goods, some multinational corporations have been accused of social injustices, particularly against women who have been forced to work in dangerous conditions. There have also been instances where children have been used to work in very unsafe and poor conditions, which places a risk of developing a disability or death. Crowded factories with poor ventilation also put women and children at risk of respiratory diseases and communicable diseases.

Answer 86

Those of low-income countries produce cheap goods whilst compromising the lives of their workers, mainly children and women. As a result, women and children are limited in socialising, which may inhibit their ability to recognise and understand a range of emotions.

Answer 87

Unsafe working conditions that children and women may have to work in may increase the level of stress and anxiety and reduce self-esteem.

Answer 88

Children are often denied access to school and women are denied social interactions with others, which reduces the ability to create meaningful relationships with others.

Answer 89

Women and children working in unsafe conditions may lose their sense of hope and purpose in life and are not given the opportunity to make choices in accordance with their values and beliefs.

Answer 90

promotes inclusive & sustainable economic growth contributes to social inclusiveness and employment promotes resource efficiency and environment protection preserves cultural values & heritage promotes mutual understanding, peace & security

Answer 91

Economic growth promotes job creation and opportunities for people to earn an income, with this income, families are able to purchase basic necessities that promote physical h+w.

Answer 92

Almost twice as many women are employed in the tourism sector compared to any other. This increases female empowerment and danger equality, promoting social, emotional, mental and spiritual h+w.

Answer 93

Tourism is effective in raising money for the conservation of wildlife and the environment, allowing it to protect and restore biodiversity, promoting mental h+w.

Answer 94

Tourism can protect traditional values and customs, empower communities & poster pride, promoting emotional and spiritual h+w

Answer 95

Trust and peace between countries helps to reduce conflict, promoting all dimensions of h+w

Answer 96

Digital technologies can potentially engage individuals and families more directly in their healthcare experience. People now have access to more self-care and diagnostic information so they can monitor their lives and health and wellbeing, promoting physical h+w as people are more aware of their own health.

Answer 97

As a result of individuals being able to engage more directly in their healthcare experience, it may provide a sense of resilience, promoting emotional h+w

Answer 98

Digital technologies allow countries to register births, deaths, and marriages, ensuring people have basic human rights. They can also issue warnings of an impending emergency, helping to reduce stress and anxiety.

Answer 99

Online networks also enable people to share information, which can lead to changes in the patient-health provider relationship. This allows individuals to actively engage in managing their health and well-being.

Answer 100

Online networks enable people to share and compare different diagnoses and treatments with people with the same conditions worldwide. This provides a sense of belonging as individuals are less likely to feel alone due to their condition.

Answer 101

Inequality relates to people not experiencing equal opportunity, treatment or outcomes. Discrimination on the other hand, relates to people being treated worse than others.

Answer 102

* children, regardless of where they life, have access to quality education * education = greater employment * more likely to secure meaningful employment in the future, promoting spiritual h+w

Answer 103

low-income countries don't have strict measures that reduce manufacturers' ability to market their products. * use a range of techniques to influence, eg, advertising on TV * don't place high tax, making it more affordable for young ppl

Answer 104

(GNI) is only one indicator of the Human development Index. As country 1 has a higher HDI than country 2 it can be assumed that country 1 has higher life expectancy and higher mean years and expected years of schooling

Answer 105

Digital technologies providing individuals with access to the internet allow them to self-diagnose themselves according to their own symptoms. This may cause unnecessary stress and anxiety due to the possibility that the online information could portray something more sinister than what is being experienced by the individual.