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Medical And Microbiology > Unit 4 B > Flashcards

Unit 4 B Flashcards

1
Q

The third line of defense (adaptive immunity) is accomplished using Click or tap here to enter text.cyte cells.

A

Lymphocytes

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2
Q

What are three characteristics of adaptive immunity that differentiate it from innate immunity?

A

Specificity

Speed

Memory

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3
Q

Unlike innate immunity, which uses PAMPs found on broad classes of pathogens and reacts in a general manner, adaptive immune cells recognize antigens. Antigens are usually Click or tap here to enter text. or Click or tap here to enter text. molecules.

A

Proteins or polysaccharide

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4
Q

List the four stages of a specific immune response.

A

Lymphocyte development & differentiation

Presentation of antigens

The challenge of B & T lymphocytes. By antigens

Lymphocyte responses
b-lymphocyte response:
production & activities of
antibodies
T-lymphocyte response: Cell-
mediated immunity

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5
Q

Discuss four major functions of immune system markers.

A

Attachment to nonself or foreign antigens

Binding to cell surface receptors that indicates self (MHC molecules)

Receiving & transmitting chemical messages to coordinate the response

Aiding in cellular development

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6
Q

Stage 1: Maturation of B cells occurs in the Click or tap here to enter text. & maturation of T cells occurs in the Click or tap here to enter text..

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

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7
Q

Stage 1: Where do mature B and T cells usually end up?

A

Spleen and Lymph nodes

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8
Q

Stage 2: MHC markers are found on all cell types except Click or tap here to enter text..

A

Red blood cells

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9
Q

Class 1 MHC genes

A

markers appear on all nucleated cells. Display unique characteristics of self. Allow for recognition of self & the recognition of self & the regulation of immune reactions. Each human inherits a particular combination of class I MHC genes.

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10
Q

Class 2 MHC genes

A

code for immune regulatory markers found on macrophages, dendritic cells, & B cells. Involved in presenting antigens to T cells during cooperative immune reactions.

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11
Q

Class 3 MHC genes

A

Encode proteins involved with the complement system

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12
Q

BRCs

A

recognize unique antigens.

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13
Q

TCRs

A

bind antigens, but only when those antigens are processed & presented in MHC molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells.

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14
Q

Stage 2: Dendritic cells, macrophages, & B cells all serve as Click or tap here to enter text.- Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text..

A

Antigen-presenting cells

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15
Q

Stage 3: True/False: T-cells produce antibodies.

A

False

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16
Q

Stage 3: Describe how clonal expansion leads to an army of lymphocytes, all of which specifically fight an antigen.

A

When they can find and fight an antigen, they copy themselves to create an army to fight the antigen. (creates clone of cells).

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17
Q

Stage 3: True/False: When activated, both T & B cells produce memory cells.

A

True

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18
Q

Stage 4: When B cells activate, the form Click or tap here to enter text. to secrete antibody and memory cells. When T cells activate, they form helper T cells, regulatory T cells, or Click or tap here to enter text. T cells.

A

Plasma cells

Cytotoxic

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19
Q

Helper T cells

A

activate macrophages, assist B-cell processes, & help activate cytotoxic T cells.

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20
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

control the T-cell response.

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21
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

lead to the destruction of infected host cells & other “foreign” cells.

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22
Q

Summarize the maturation process of both B cells & T cells.

A

T cells: matures in the thymus
B-cells: matures in the bone marrow

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23
Q

Draw a diagram illustrating how lymphocytes are capable of responding to nearly any antigen imaginable.

A
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24
Q

Outline the process of clonal selection & expansion.

A
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25
Q

B-cell receptor

A
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26
Q

T-cell receptor

A
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27
Q

CD4

A

helper T cells

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28
Q

CD8

A

cytotoxic T cells

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29
Q

• Which coreceptor is found on which T cell? Which MHC type do these coreceptors recognize?

A

Class I and II

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30
Q

The B-cell receptor is a(n) molecule.

A

immunoglobulin

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31
Q

T-cell receptors are similar to B-cell receptors, except they are never secreted as antibody.

A

True

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32
Q

Lymphocyte specificity is preprogrammed.

A

False

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33
Q

B-cells & T-cells never react to self-antigens.

A

False

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34
Q

Antigen

A

A substance that provokes an immune response in specific lymphocytes. To be perceived as an antigen or immunogen, a substance must meet certain requirements in foreignness, shape, & accessibility.

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35
Q

Epitope

A

a portion of the antigen molecule recognized & responded to by a lymphocyte. The primary signal that a molecule is foreign.

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36
Q

List & describe three types of molecules that can serve as antigens.

A

Lipoproteins
Proteins
Glycoproteins

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37
Q

A portion of an antigen that is recognized and responded to by a lymphocyte is called the Click or tap here to enter text. of the antigen.

A

Epitope

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38
Q

A Click or tap here to enter text. is too small to be recognized as a foreign molecule & requires a carrier to be “seen” by the immune system.

A

Hapten

39
Q

Alloantigens

A

proteins and other molecules of one person that are antigentic to another. (blood)

40
Q

Superantigens

A

usually bacterial toxins. Bind to the outside causing of T-cell and activates a lot of T-crlls causing an overwhelming effect. Can lead to cytokines & cell death, autoimmunity & immunodeficiency.

41
Q

T cells response to Click or tap here to enter text. at a rate 100 times greater than ordinary antigens.

A

Superantigen

42
Q

List the types of cells that can act as antigen-presenting cells.

A

Macrophages

B cells

Dendritic cells

43
Q

Cytotoxic T cells need to be able to recognize antigen from inside all of our body cells and kill cells that are dangerous. For this, these cells recognize MHC Click or tap here to enter text., which is found on all body cells, using their CD8 coreceptors and TCRs.

A

I

44
Q

Helper T cells need to be able to recognize antigen that has been picked up by phagocytic white blood cells known as antigen-presenting cells to raise an alarm that the immune system has found something to fight. For this, these cells recognize MHC Click or tap here to enter text., which is found only on the antigen-presenting cells, using their CD4 coreceptors and TCRs.

A

II

45
Q

Summarize the process of TH-cell activation. You do not need to know the T helper cell subtypes here (like TH2, TH1, etc.).

A

Antigen is presented on the surface of APC

CD4/TCR binding to MHC-II leads to IL-2 production, which is a growth factor for T cells

The stimulated T cell multiples & produces a large collection of various daughter cells by clonal expansion

46
Q

Summarize the process of TC-cell activation.

A
47
Q

Diagram the steps of B-cell activation & describe the types of B cells produced in this process.

A
48
Q

Stimulated T cells produce a large population of genetically identical daughter cells by Click or tap here to enter text. expansion.

A

Clonal

49
Q

B cells can only be activated by T helper cells.

A

True

50
Q

CD8+ T cells are activated by antigen complexed with Click or tap here to enter text. molecules.

A

T-helper

51
Q

Plasma cells can produce about Click or tap here to enter text. antibody molecules per second.

A

2,000

52
Q

TH1

A

activate phagocytes to induce inflammation

53
Q

TH2

A

influence B-cell differentiation to enhance antibody response

54
Q

TH17

A

produce IL-17 & promote inflammation

55
Q

Explain the role of cytotoxic T cells in apoptosis & list the potential targets of this process.

A

They target cells with a foreign peptide complexed with self MHC-I presented to it & mount a direct attack on a target cell.

Virus-infected and cancer cells

56
Q

Perforins

A

proteins that punch holes in the membranes of target cells.

57
Q

Granzymes

A

enzymes that attack proteins of target cell.

58
Q

T helper cells

A

plays a central role in regulating immune reactions to antigens. Including B cells & other T cells. Involved in activating macrophages. Directly by receptor contact. Indirectly by releasing cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFNy)

59
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

acts to control the inflammatory process. Prevent autoimmunity. Make sure the immune response does not inappropriately target normal biota.

60
Q

Regulatory B cells

A

regulate the degree of response from T cells. B cells become activated to become plasma cells by cytokines from activated T cells. Already activated regulatory B cells can secrete their own cytokines to dampen the T-cell response.

61
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

kill

62
Q

Cells that regulate T cell activities are Click or tap here to enter text. cells.

A

Regulatory t/b cells

63
Q

TC cells use Click or tap here to enter text. & Click or tap here to enter text. to destroy virus-infected & cancer cells.

A

Performs and granzymes

64
Q

Diagram an antibody binding antigen and label where you would find Fab fragments and Fc fragments. Where would antigen bind on this diagram?

A

y-shaped

Fabs: two arms of Ig molecule

Fc: the rest of the molecule

65
Q

What are the five functions of antibody?

A
66
Q

What are the five functions of antibody?

A

Opsonization
Neutralization
Agglutinate
Complement
Antitoxin

67
Q

Why have an Fc constant region on antibodies? What is the purpose?

A

Binding complements and releasing of cytokines.

68
Q

What is a titer?

A

The concentration of antibodies in the serum. Can be measured over time to determine how the immune system reacts to antigen.

69
Q

Draw & label a graph illustrating the different in antibody response of a primary & secondary immune response.

A
70
Q

◦ Which type(s) can activate complement?

A

◦ IgG, IgM

71
Q

◦ Which type(s) can activate phagocytes?

A

◦ IgG

72
Q

◦ Which type(s) can cross the placenta?

A

◦ IgG

73
Q

◦ Which type(s) can cross and protect mucous membranes?

A

◦ IgA

74
Q

◦ Which type(s) last the longest in the blood stream?

A

◦ IgG

75
Q

◦ The most prevalent antibody class circulating in the body is

A

IgG

76
Q

List the five types of antibodies & important characteristics of each.

A
77
Q

The first class of antibodies to be secreted by activated B cells is Click or tap here to enter text., which is then quickly replaced by Click or tap here to enter text. antibodies later in an infection.

A

IgM

IgG

78
Q

What is the difference in antibody types from a primary response to a pathogen to a secondary response?

A

The latent period is shorter in the second response and IgG reacts quicker with a higher overall antibody level.

79
Q

The Click or tap here to enter text. response of the immune system provides a large concentration of antibodies in a short amount of time.

A

Secondary or amnesiatic response

80
Q

Coating of pathogens with antibodies is known as Click or tap here to enter text..

A

Opsonization

81
Q

Natural Active immunity

A

getting sick

82
Q

Natural Passive immunity

A

breastfeeding

83
Q

Artificial Active immunity

A

vaccination

84
Q

Artificial Passive immunity

A

being given antibodies

85
Q

Discuss the qualities of an effective vaccine.

A

Be safe, effective, and cost efficient.

It should have a low level of adverse side effects or toxicity and not cause serious harm.

It should protect against exposure to natural, wild forms of pathogen.

It should stimulate both antibody (B-cell) response and cell-mediated (T-cell) response.

It should have long-term, lasting effects (produce memory).

It should not require numerous doses or boosters.

It should be inexpensive have a relatively long shelf life and be easy to administer.

86
Q

Killed (inactive):

A

whole cell that has been that inactives the pathogen (making it non replicable) but does not destroy antigenicity. Must have a larger dose and more boosters.

87
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

A

contain whole live microbes with virulence being lessened. Live, nonvirulent.

88
Q

Subunit

A

part of the pathogen.

89
Q

What is the purpose of an adjuvant being added to a vaccine?

A

Enhances immunogenicity & prolongs antigen retention at the injection site. Precipitates the antigen & holds it in the tissues so that it will be released gradually.

90
Q

What are some potential side effects of vaccines?

A

Common side effects: local reactions at the injection site. Fever. Allergies

Rare: allergic reactions even severe allergic reactions.

91
Q

Explain the principle of herd immunity & the risks that unfold when it is not maintained.

A

When a certain percentage of the “herd” are immune to the pathogen it will not spread. When not maintained pathogen spreads and can cause epidemics.

92
Q

There are vaccines against all major infectious diseases.

A

False

93
Q

There is no link between the MMR vaccine & autism.

A

True

Medical And Microbiology (16 decks)

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